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Introduction: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare form of internal male pseudohermaphroditism characterized by the presence of rudimentary Müllerian structures in a virilized male often presenting as undescended testes. Thus, each patient diagnosed with undescended testes should promptly be investigated for PMDS because the early diagnosis has direct effects on outcome and prognosis. Case report: A 26-year-old-male complained of long-standing abdominal pain two years ago and was diagnosed having bilateral undescended testes in the pelvic region. He underwent the orchidopexy about one year ago but, after 5 months of orchidopexy, he first complained of discomfort in the left and then right inguinal region due to an incisional hernia that presumed to have the ovotesticular disorder of sexual development. On the pelvic MRI exam, the Müllerian duct structures were observed and he was diagnosed as having PMDS. Discussion: In this case the patient had bilateral cryptorchidism with testes fixed in the para iliac region with respect to the uterus, indicating the female type of PMDS which is a rare type of PMDS. The case is proven genetically and Müllerian duct remnants have been resected to avoid malignant transformation. Conclusion: Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare finding and may present as long-standing abdominal pain. Each patient diagnosed with undescended testes should promptly be investigated for PMDS. Diagnosis and management aim to preserve fertility and prevent malignant changes. Therefore, familiarity with this rare condition will lead to adequate management and prevention of complications. © 2020, Not applicable.

Highlights • We present a very rare case of advanced ovarian cancer. • This is the first report of metastasis to a hydrocele in the canal of Nuck. • Ovarian cancer can metastasize to a hydrocoele in the canal of Nuck in adult women., Introduction Ovarian cancer has few subjective symptoms, so approximately 40%–50% of cases have already reached stage III or IV by the time of diagnosis. These are advanced stages of the disease and have poor prognosis. Among these cases, less than 3 % are reported to exhibit inguinal lymph node metastasis. This report documents a rare case of advanced ovarian cancer that we detected due to an inguinal metastasis in the canal of Nuck. The work has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria. Presentation of Case The patient was a 43-year-old, married, premenopausal woman (G2P1). She was examined by her local practitioner for a chief complaint of a mass in the right inguinal region and was found to have a right inguinal mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed a left ovarian tumor, and she was referred to our department. Rapid intraoperative diagnosis showed a highly atypical serous carcinoma present in both the left ovary and the right inguinal region mass, where the tumor had extended into the canal of Nuck. Discussion In this case, the right inguinal mass was ovarian cancer that had metastasized to a cyst in the canal of Nuck via the round ligament of the uterus. Though, many adult women with these types of inguinal hydrocoeles sometimes undergo fine-needle aspiration. Conclusion This finding may highlight the need for a careful search for metastasis to the inguinal region in cases of ovarian cancer.

Highlights • In crossed testicular ectopia both testes are migrated and descend through a single inguinal canal. • Inguinal hernia is always present in the affected side. • The diagnosed is usually done during surgery., Background Crossed testicular ectopia is a rare form of urogenital anomalies in which both testes are migrated and descend through a single inguinal canal, one or both testes may be ectopic in the abdomen, the inguinal region or descent to the hemi-scrotum with empty contralateral hemi-scrotum. Case presentation A 1.5-year-old male patient had an empty left scrotum with no palpable testis in the inguinal region with a palpable testis in the right scrotum with palpable other testis in the right inguinal region. Ultrasound examination showed the right testis in the right scrotum and another testis measuring in the right inguinal region giving suggestion of both testes in the right side. During operation two testes was found in the right inguinal region with two small indirect inguinal sacs. Herniotomy was performed for both sacs. The right testis was placed and fixed in the right hemi-scrotum and the left testis was fixed in the left hemi-scrotum through trans-septal window. Conclusion During surgery, the surgeon should adopt a conservative approach to preserve the fertility. Trans-septal orchiopexy or extra-peritoneal transposition orchiopexy is advised. In case of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome, preservation of the Müllerian remnants is recommended to preserve blood supply to the vas deferens and testis. Karyotyping may be required in some cases specially if associated with other congenital anomalies of the genitalia. Patients usually need long term follow up because such patients may have future fertility problems and there is an increased risk of the development of testicular cancer.

Highlights • Uterine inguinal hernia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of inguinal masses in women of child-bearing period. • The diagnosis of uterine inguinal hernia in women of childbearing age is often combined with congenital genital malformations. • Many methods including intraoperative laparoscopic exploration are helpful for diagnosis., Introduction Inguinal hernia encompassing the uterus, ovary and fallopian tube are uncommonly present in women of reproductive age, which is often diagnosed and treated during childhood. In this article we report a case of uterus inguinal hernia accompaniment didelphys uterus were confirmed during surgery. Presentation of case A 15-year-old female presented with a history of a reducible mass located in the right inguinal region. Surgery was performed through an inguinal approach and the entire infantile uterus, both ovary and fallopian tube were found within the hernia sac. Laparoscopic exploration confirmed a normal uterus in the pelvic cavity, and the patient was discharged 3 days after the Lichtenstein operation. Discussion Although inguinal herniation is a common condition that occurs most often in elderly male and without any associated clinical symptoms. But uterine inguinal herniation should be considered as a reducible mass showed in the inguinal region. For open surgery, laparoscopy can be clearly diagnosed if it’s necessary to avoid blindly cutting and ligating important structures, which may affect fertility function after operation. Conclusion Before the final choice of treatment is made, digestive surgeons should bear this rare hernia of uterine in mind for the differential diagnosis of an inguinal masses in women of child-bearing period. Congenital deformity genital organ, meanwhile, also should be considered.

Introduction and importance Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a variety of extra-nodal lymphoma taking origin from testis. It accounts 5% of all testicular tumors. Metastasis may occur in contralateral testis, bone, central nervous system and rarely in skin. Herein, we present the case of testicular diffuse large B-cell malignant lymphoma with cutaneous metastasis. Case presentation A 60-year-old male presented with swollen painless solid right testis, with homolateral inguinal nodes. Testicular tumors markers were within normal range. Right radical orchidectomy was performed. Histopathological examination concluded to the diagnosis of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Four weeks later, the patient presented alteration of general condition and multiples cutaneous centimetric lesions located in the right inguinal region. Biopsy of this lesion confirmed the diagnosis of metastases from the testicular lymphoma. The patient deceased three days later, before starting further treatment. Clinical discussion Primary testicular lymphoma is a rare variety of testicular tumors. The prognosis is poor. Metastasis may occur in different sites such as contralateral testis, central nervous system, and skin. The prognosis is usually poor in the rare case of cutaneous metastasis. Conclusion Primary testicular tumor is an aggressive rare variety of testicular tumors with poor prognosis. Cutaneous metastasis is rarely reported. Cutaneous lesions should be explored and suspected to be malignant. Early treatment with rapid multidisciplinary management is the key for adequate approach., Highlights • Primary testicular lymphoma is rare, aggressive testicular tumor. • Skin metastasis is extremely rare, and if present, compromises the prognosis. • Diagnosis may be comforted by 18F-PET-CT. • Orchidectomy followed by chemotherapy is the recommended therapeutic options.

Highlights • It may be beneficial for patients with type 2 Amyand’s hernia to have an appendectomy with a tension free hernia repair using mesh. • Controversies still exist regarding the recognized classification system and treatment algorithm of Amyand hernia. • Controversy exists regarding the use of mesh for the treatment of type 2 Amyand’s hernia however we add to the argument of pro-mesh., Introduction An Amyand hernia is a rare disease where the appendix is found within an inguinal hernia sac. This rare entity is named after the French born English surgeon, Dr. Claudius Amyand. Inguinal hernias are one of the most common surgeries that a general surgeon performs with more than 20 million inguinal hernia repairs performed yearly worldwide. The incidence of finding an appendix within the hernia sac is rare, occurring in less than 1% of inguinal hernia patients and when complications arise such as inflammation, perforation, or abscess formation it becomes exceptionally rare with an incidence of about 0.1%. Presentation of case A 59-year-old male with a history of a previously reducible right inguinal hernia presented to the Emergency Department with acute abdominal pain, right groin mass. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed a right incarcerated inguinal hernia with herniated loops of bowel within the right inguinal region. Patient was subsequently treated with an appendectomy and tension free hernia repair with mesh with a successful outcome. Discussion The current generally accepted treatment algorithm for Amyand’s hernia is essentially contingent on the appendix’s condition within the hernia sac. Controversy exists regarding the application of mesh in type 2 Amyand’s hernia. More research is needed to provide surgeons with evidence-based standardized approaches for dealing with this unique situation. Conclusion This case report reviews a rare entity known as an Amyand’s hernia that presented as an incarcerated hernia that was diagnosed intraoperatively with an inflamed appendix, recognized as a type 2 Amyand’s hernia.

Highlights • Myopericytoma, a rare painless swelling in distal extremities. • A benign perivascular soft tissue tumor. • Myopericytoma often misdiagnosed as other soft tissue tumor. • Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for diagnosis of myopericytoma., Introduction Myopericytoma is a rare mesenchymal soft tissue tumor that originates from perivascular myoid cells and mostly benign in nature. With a slight male predisposition, it occurs more commonly in the lower extremities with an insidious and painless presentation. Contrary to the usual, our patient was with a rare presentation in the inguinal region with a dull aching pain. Case presentation We herein report a case of a 64-year-old female patient with myopericytoma, the first of its kind reported in Nepal, present in the right inguinal region and surgically removed. The mass was single with dull aching pain, non-tender, globular, smooth, mobile, covered with skin and, had been slowly growing for 1 year and had started bleeding for 4 days. On complete surgical excision and subsequent biopsy, a nodule with thin-walled blood vessels and spindle-shaped cells having indistinct cell border, eosinophilic cytoplasm, and oval to spindle-shaped nucleus was observed, features consistent with those of myopericytoma. Discussion Myopericytoma can occur in different sites in the body. Its differential diagnoses in the inguinal region include inguinal hernia, lipoma, or an inguinal lymphangioma. Histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining are used for diagnosis and confirmation. Conclusion Myopericytomas are rare and have a substantial propensity to be misdiagnosed as other soft tissue tumors such as sarcomas due to significant overlap in their presentation and histological features. Complete surgical excision of mass is the curative therapy.

Highlights • Laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia may cause chronic neuropathic pain. • Laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia should be avoided as much as possible. • Laparoscopic selective neurectomy is an option for chronic neuropathic pain., Introduction Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair is occasionally used for inguinal hernia repair. Here, we report a case of chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia, which was treated successfully with laparoscopic selective neurectomy. Presentation of case A 59-year-old man with bilateral inguinal hernia underwent laparoscopic repair. Transabdominal preperitoneal repair was performed on the left side, whereas IPOM repair was performed on the right side due to a peritoneal defect. At postoperative month 1, he presented with severe pain and numbness distributed from the right inguinal region to the inner thigh region. The symptoms had persisted for 1 year despite medical treatment. We diagnosed that the symptoms might be due to the entrapment of nerves in the contracted mesh, and performed a second surgery via laparoscopic approach 13 months after the first surgery. On laparoscopic exploration, the lateral side of the mesh was contracted and involved nerve branches. We ligated and cut off these nerve branches. His symptoms resolved immediately after the surgery. At postoperative month 12, he has passed without any pain, numbness, and hernia recurrence. Discussion Laparoscopic exploration would be useful to figure out chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Conclusion Laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia should be avoided as much as possible because it may cause chronic neuropathic pain. Laparoscopic selective neurectomy is an option for patients with chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic hernia repair.

Introduction Inguinal hernia may contain vermiform appendix in very rare cases. This particular condition is known as Amyand’s hernia and it has an incidence of 1%. Diagnosis is very difficult preoperatively, so it is usually an incidental finding. Presentation of case We report a case of a 80 year old man with an irreducible mass in right inguinal region. During surgical procedure an Amyand’s hernia was identified and we performed hernioplasty sec Trabucco and appendectomy. Discussion According to Losanoff and Basson classification, our case was type 1 and its management is very controversial. Conclusion Surgical treatment depends on surgeon’s experience and on clinical evaluation because there are many factors that may increase morbidity and mortality.

Highlights • Obstructed direct inguinal hernia of sliding variety with bladder being one of its contents is extremely rare and no such case has been reported yet. • Though incarceration and even strangulation are extremely uncommon in direct inguinal hernia as compared to indirect inguinal hernia. A long standing direct inguinal hernia may present as acute or sub-acute intestinal obstruction especially in elderly patients. Hence old age with obstructed inguinal hernia might be of direct variety and needs to be repaired immediately. • Sliding hernias are diagnosed intra-operatively and is very difficult to identify clinically. Sliding hernias are most common in old age male, of indirect variety on left side according to most literatures. • The good operating technique and the use of modern prosthetic materials should allow us to have the same risk of early and late complications after operating on a sliding and non-sliding inguinal hernia., Introduction Direct Obstructed inguinal hernias of sliding variety with bladder as its content is extremely rare. Case Report We report the case of an 83-year-old male known case of DM, presented with irreducible and painful swelling over the right inguinal region and cough impulse on right inguinal region. On exploration of the right side, the obstructed hernia was found to be a direct type sliding hernia with sac wall forming anterior covering layer and containing congested small bowel loops (ileum) and bladder forming the medial wall of the hernia sac. After gaining viability the content was reduced, posterior wall defect was closed and Lichtenstein tension free repair was done. Conclusion Direct inguinal hernia of sliding variety getting obstructed is rare. Direct Sliding hernia on right side with ileum as content and bladder forming the wall is extremely rare.

Introduction Spigelian hernia (SH) is a rare ventral hernia occurring near the lateral border of the rectus muscle. The treatment remains controversial and depends on institutional expertise. Although laparoscopic surgery is a good adaptation for the repair of ventral hernias, only a few cases have been reported in the literature. Here, we report a case of totally extra-peritoneal (TEP) repair for bilateral SHs. Presentation of case A 74-year-old Japanese man presented with asymptomatic bulges in the right lower abdominal quadrant. On physical examination, the bulges were located to the right of the lateral border of the abdominal rectus muscle and the right inguinal region in an upright position. We diagnosed right SH and coincident homonymous ipsilateral inguinal hernia (IH) by abdominal computed tomography and planned a curative operation by laparoscopy. By first laparoscopic exploration, we found an asymptomatic SH to the left of the lateral border of the abdominal rectus muscle and performed TEP repair for all hernias. The second laparoscopic exploration after fixing the mesh in place revealed that the orifice of the right SH was scarred and stiffened by repeated prolapse. We finally eliminated the sac by ligation because of a fear causing of reduction en masse of the SH. Discussion and conclusion The use of laparoscopy simplified the diagnosis and facilitates the subsequent repair of the hernia. TEP approach is the ideal treatment for the simultaneous laparoscopic repair of SH and IH.

Highlights • A de Garengeot hernia is a femoral hernia containing the appendix. • Diagnosis of a de Garengeot hernia is difficult and often made intra-operatively. • Incarceration or strangulation tends to be the clinical presentation of a de Garengeot hernia. • It is important to have a high clinical suspicion for a de Garengeot hernia in patients with incarcerated or strangulated right femoral hernias., Introduction A de Garengeot hernia, a femoral hernia containing the appendix, is a difficult diagnosis often made intra-operatively when the hernia sac is opened. It is a rare finding, and complications are more frequent with a de Garengeot hernia. Presentation of case A 92 year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of abdominal pain. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a hernia anterior to the inguinal ligament without strangulation. Two weeks later the patient returned to the ED with worsening abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Repeat CT scan demonstrated a 7 × 4 cm complex fluid collection in the right inguinal region, and the patient was taken to the operating room for exploration. The hernia sac was entered and found to contain the appendix with evidence of distal perforation. The appendix was taken out, and the hernia defect was repaired. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Discussion Femoral hernias have a high risk of incarceration due to the tightness of the femoral canal (Talini et al. 2015 [4]). Due to anatomic location of the appendix, de Garengeot hernias are most often seen on the right. Incarceration of the appendix is a clear etiology for appendicitis secondary to ischemia. Conclusion Full preoperative workup for a femoral hernia often fails to diagnose the presence of the appendix within the hernia. It is important to have a high clinical suspicion for a de Garengeot’s hernia in patients with incarcerated or strangulated right femoral hernias.

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Diagnosed in an Elderly Patient during a Strangulated Inguinal Hernia Repair INTRODUCTION A strangulated inguinal hernia is a common indication for emergency surgery. In comparison, complete testicular feminization is a rare genetic disease that can present with an inguinal hernia because of ectopically positioned testicles. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 70-year-old female was admitted to the emergency service complaining of a painful swelling in the right inguinal region for 1 day. The physical examination indicated a strangulated inguinal hernia and surgery was performed. On exploring the inguinal region, a strangulated indirect inguinal hernia and hard 2 × 3-cm mass were detected. The histopathological examination of the excised mass showed testicular tissue, and complete testicular feminization (CTF) was diagnosed after further examinations. DISCUSSION Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), the most frequent cause of male pseudohermaphroditism. The diagnosis of patients with AIS is usually made at the beginning of the second decade when a healthy person with a female phenotype complains of no menarche. Making a first diagnosis after the 5th decade is extremely rare. CONCLUSION While AIS can be diagnosed in early adulthood, cases might not bediagnosed until the patient is of advanced age.