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Abstract Motor and cognitive dysfunction is intractable sequela in the acute stage of concussion. While typical concussion recovery occurs in two weeks, empirical evidence suggests that some sequela persist beyond this period, though there is inconsistency surrounding the duration the sequela persist. In part, confusion around the issue is limited by the volume of literature evaluating those with a concussion history, permitting vast interpretations of significance. The purpose of this paper is to review the concussion history literature, summarizing the long-term effects of concussion history on motor and cognitive performance. Additionally, this review intends to provide direction and options of future investigations addressing the long-term effects of concussion on motor and cognitive performance. Highlights • Age of first concussion may help explain the heterogeneity of long-term effects of concussion on cognitive performance. • Motor performance deficits may exist in retired athletes over two decades following last concussion. • Inconsistent and clinically irrelevant significant findings obfuscate any meaningful long-term effects of concussion. • Future work needs to focus on finding sensitive cognitive and motor performance evaluations that are clinically meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that athletes are at a higher risk of lower-body injuries in the months and years following a concussion. However, little is known about how people modify their movements post-concussion. This study examined kinematics during a jump cut motion in young adults with a concussion history (n = 9; 4 males, 5 females; 3.1 years' post-injury) and 10 controls (6 males, 4 females). Peak center of mass and peak knee angles during the landing phase of a jump-cut maneuver were evaluated. Participants with a concussion history demonstrated decreased knee varus (left: M conc = − 0.5 ± 1.0°, M ctrl = 3.6 ± 1.0°; right: M conc = 5.1 ± 1.2°, M ctrl = 7.8 ± 1.12°) and external rotation (left: M conc = 2.5 ± 1.6°, M ctrl = 13.0 ± 1.5°; right: M conc = 7.7 ± 1.6°, M ctrl = 12.8 ± 1.5°) regardless of whether the cut was oriented towards to the left or right. The kinematic patterns demonstrated in individuals with a concussion history may be suggestive of increased knee injury risk. This study adds to the growing body of literature linking orthopedic injury in those no longer displaying the acute signs and symptoms of concussion. Highlights • A retrospective 3D motion captures evaluation of kinematic changes postconcussion. • Participants with a concussion history showed motor differences compared to controls years post injury. • These differences parallel the most common mechanism of ACL injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]