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This article presents an abstract of the paper A Study of the Variety of Paper Sizes in the U.K., by M. N. Pherwani and S. Eilon. Case studies in the consumption of stationery paper revealed a wide variety of products and a pricing policy which does not penalize customers for ordering non-standard or odd sizes. Cost analysis by use of break-even charts is not applicable, owing to the difficulty of allocating fixed costs to the various products. The amount of scrap caused by cutting paper rolls to predetermined stationery sizes is suggested as an alternative criterion, and application of linear programming to scheduling of paper sizes is demonstrated. An overall saving to the industry of about 2 percent of produced material is estimated to be the result if scientific scheduling is adopted.

This paper discusses a method for determining the optimal characteristics for a machine which fabricates two-dimensional products. The machine is a high-speed, high-cost, continuous processing facility. The end products of this continuous operation, called intermediate inventory, are stored and then used as input for a low-speed, low-cost, job-shop operation which finishes them to customers' dimensional specifications.
The study is based on a specific problem in the paper industry but problems of the same basic type are encountered in the manufacture of special products of steel, aluminium, plastics, textiles and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many materials machine in either a ductile or brittle manner depending on the cutting conditions. This paper identifies the conditions which allow perspex to be machined in a ductile manner. A quantitative assessment is made of the effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the ductile-brittle transition when turning with a tool having a 30degrees rake angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many situations occur in industrial systems, where decisions have to be made from time to time about the manner in which the system shall be operated. This paper concerns a class of situations in which, because of rising costs of operation per unit time, it is necessary to decide when to overhaul the system to minimize long run operating costs. The operating costs are assumed to be a quadratic function of operating time whose parameters are stochastic variables, which is the case with some electrolytic processes. The main purpose is to show how the Dynamic Programming approach can be usefully applied to such systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses the statistical tool of analysis of variance to look at the recommended operating values for chemical machining. The results obtained agree in general with those published by The Chem-Mill Division of Turco Products Inc., except that there was an indication of some deterioration of surface finish when using sodium aluminate in the solution. The results obtained should not be used in general, but only applied where the material arid method are comparable to the one used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulties encountered when using a stop-watch for the measurement of basic time are well known and the authors of this paper suggest a new and more efficient method for such measurement without a stop-watch. A portable apparatus (consisting of a transistorized signal generator with a mechanical clock driven, hand wound, recorder) has been designed and is described. The authors wish at this stage to give interested persons the opportunity to comment upon the principle involved and hope that similar or alternative types of instruments will be constructed, utilizing the principle, and then subjected to practical testing in real work situations. The authors have communicated the results of a first test in this paper but the task of comparing the instrument with standard methods of time study has still to be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A number of operational situations exist in which certain facilities are available and where a number of commodities must be processed on some or all of these facilities. The paper describes an algorithm to generate schedules which are near optimal or optimal with respect to the total processing time of all the commodities, the idle time of facilities and production rate. Thus, these schedules are characterized by near minimal or minimal total processing time and idle time of facilities and near maximal or maximal production rate. Usually this algorithm does not result in the desired schedule after the first application; it is therefore proposed to generate a set "D" of schedules from which the desired schedule can be selected. A decision rule determines the optimal number of elements belonging to set D. In order to justify the concept of the algorithm for the determination of the schedules mentioned above, an analysis is given of the decision tree associated with the sequencing model in terms of the probabilities related to the nodes in the decision tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the application of Analogue Computers to the subject of Production Control and allied topics. A review is made of research applications of Analogue Computers to Economics, Operational Research and Production Control. The role of the Analogue Computer as applied to Production Control problems in British industry is also discussed. The probable course of future research and applications of analogue computation methods to problems occurring in Production Control is considered; a method of approach is proposed and an Analogue Inventory Policy Simulator described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Selective assembly is used whenever the tolerances which have to be allowed for the components are so large that the natural build up with random assembly will not satisfy functional requirements. The traditional method divides the more variable components into a number of zones of equal width and then specifies what combinations of grades may be assembled so as to produce sufficient uniformity in the final product. Theoretically there is no limit to the number of grades which can be used, but there is a serious organisational problem of having only the specified categories available at one time, and another control problem to ensure that components are correctly graded. Further, a large proportion of components may not be usable through mismatching of quantities and this can increase costs considerably. These difficulties can be reduced by suitable quality control schemes which are additional to the grading operation. The method proposed in this paper is that components should be balanced by quantities rather than by size. It depends upon knowledge of all process capabilities and requires a quality control scheme to ensure that the mean size produced for every component coincides with the objective mean. The grading operation itself gives rise to a simple quality control scheme which is based on the balancing quantities. The same scheme is applicable to all components. Mismatching is impossible as long as control is maintained and all components are used in a reasonable period of time. It is shown that many applications can be made with only three grades and that even extreme sized components can be used. Methods are given to compute the variation which will be obtained from product to product when selective assembly is only applied to some types of component and the remainder are assembled at random. Thus, it is possible to design a procedure which will give sufficient uniformity at minimum cost and avoid the complexity of excessive numbers of categories. Err... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Random errors in inspection may lead to good products being rejected and defective products being accepted by inspectors. If the cost involved in rejecting good products is high, the supplier may be tempted to send back the rejects for re-inspection, in spite of additional costs involved in such a procedure (called "re-circulation" of rejects). This paper analyses several models to indicate under what conditions such a re-circulation policy is worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An original procedure for the determination of the optimum value of tool life criterion of cutting tools tooled with throw-away carbide tips is described in this paper. The procedure has the character of an iterative method, on the basis of which one can reach the optimum value of tool life criterion with respect to attaining the minimum machining cost. The algorithm of the given method is represented in a bar chart, where we can see two calculation cycles, their purpose and other relationships. A practical example closes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of order on the overall cost of a product manufactured by independent serial processes is well known. Process improvement and subsequent cost reduction is always an objective. Constrained financial resources are usually the case. This paper combines these three aspects to give direction to the use of financial resources to optimize the cost reductions in a serial process. In the paper it is shown that a non-optimal sequence may have the most potential when the resources are properly applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the inventory-related models published during the last ten years from the systems point of view. A chart is given to show the broad categories of inventory models. The paper first lists eleven quantifiable and four nonquantifiable variables (and their types) that go into inventory formulas, affect inventory decisions, and have already been identified by the researchers. Next, various research papers are grouped in six categories based on similarities of approaches used by these papers. These categories are : (1) models for determining optimum inventory policies, (2) lot size optimization, (3) optimization of various specific management objectives, (4) models for optimizing highly specialized inventory situations, (5) application of advanced mathematical theories to inventory problems, and (6) models bridging the gap between theory and practice. Next a synthesized review of recently published models belonging to each individual category is presented, and salient features of individual studies are highlighted. Further, this paper discusses the difficulties that most commonly arise in applying these models to routine practical inventory situations ; and it also lists the weaknesses (or limitations) of certain assumptions commonly made by the researchers for developing inventory models. In the end, the paper makes several suggestions about how the available results of inventory models can beat be used in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper relates to a research project carried out in the Department of Building, UMIST in conjunction with the Building Research Station into the development of techniques for the measurement of dimensional inaccuracies of strong height pre-cast concrete units up to 8 m long.
This resulted in the design of new and inexpensive instrumentation based on that already commercially available, which was applied to determine the degree of deviation to be expected in the production of these units. Particular emphasis is given to the measurement of form deviation, or twist, and the problems concerned with its determination in the factory environment. The inherent dimensional inconsistencies resulting from the material used and manufacturing processes is briefly reviewed.
The paper examines the validity of recognized metrological concepts in the context of the increasing emphasis upon prefabricated component assemblies as an integral part of the building process, and discusses the relationship between the requirements of accuracy control dictated by the assembly procedures on site and those likely to be achieved by the production processes in the factory. The problems of setting standards for tolerances in realistic terms are considered in the light of current practice in the detailing of this form of construction and are related to the production inaccuracies involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the extent to which formal financial justification was carried out for most of the process control computer applications in a major British industry. It also discusses some of the problems associated with financial evaluation and with planning computer installations. Finally the paper looks at the relative severity of a wide range of problems common to the installations studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steel industry is one of the first industries where operational research was successfully applied. The objective of the present paper is to summarize such applications high-lighting benefits and difficulties involved in the studies and in their subsequent implementation.
The paper is divided into three sections. The first section contains a brief survey of the reported case studies in literature pertaining to the application of O.R. techniques and methodology in production problems in the steel industry. The second section deals with a few case studies which illustrate the model building procedures and their usefulness in real life.
The final section of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the potential areas where O.R. techniques and methodology can be fruitfully applied in modeling production processes for control purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper suggests that the factors which limit the development and use of work measurement and work design in practice are those features of the organization which cause distortion of the measurements and restrict the application of the results. Some directions for changing this situation are given. Current industrial techniques both for visually observable working activities and for process type jobs, lag behind research practices in several notable areas. Most industrial techniques are very old and used by modestly trained technicians. The fear of mis-use of more sophisticated techniques, it is suggested, inhibits their introduction in practice.
The paper then continues by discussing four areas where techniques are needed or available. Some recent developments in each area are briefly discussed. Finally, some points regarding how the research worker should view the problems of their possible misuse are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization is rightly claimed to be the most significant factor distinguishing the modern approach to machining processes from the orthodox one. Practical results can be obtained from the application of mathematical modelling and optimization techniques.
The paper presents a procedure for solution of machining process optimization problems, with the use of theory of graphs and Bellman's optimum principle.
The finite graph G=(N, A) (where N denoted a set of nodes and A the set of arcs) here presents the set of feasible solutions. Each arc represents a corresponding machining operation and each path the feasible machining process.
A number can be associated with each are the increment of criterion for optimality. Using the optimum principle we can find the shortest possible path in the graph, thus solving given problems of choice for the optimal machining process.
There is a variety of ways in which the performance criterion can be formulated. In this paper only those performance measures having sufficient economical justification are considered. We may minimize the costs of machining processes, or optimize economical effectiveness of capital engaged.
The method presented can be applied with every additive criterion, as well as with some non-additive ones. A practical example illustrates the field of possible application of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explains how simple ideas in the field of group technology have led to the development of a new system of production, called the cell system, which differs from, but complements, flow-line production and traditional 'job and batch ' (functional layout-based) production.
The cell system is not just a simple arrangement of similar components and similar tooling, but a new system of production, which, like the flow-line system, has rules and conditions for its practice. Only in the last two years has group technology developed sufficiently for a theory to begin to emerge.
With new production systems today, it is not enough to deal only with ' engineering ' or ' production ', but present-day systems must be concerned with the complex interaction of market, management, machines, and men.
This paper shows the importance of the cell system at different levels, beginning with the lowest, and leads the reader towards a rather different approach to the management of an engineering, or other multi-product firm. It is complementary to ' The Management Problems of Introducing Group Technology' (Edwards 1969). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the SAMMIE/AUTOMAT computer package. The overall objective of the research has been to provide a range of computer techniques which could be made available to the work study practititioner to aid him in the design and evaluation of work tasks. The work place, parts and the operation may be specified in any of a variety of ways and the computer will then produce times for the work based on the MTM-2 pre-determined motion time system, Facilities within the AUTOMAT system include the production of a work place layout, a computer derived methods analysis, assembly line balancing routines (not described in this paper), and the use of conversational graphics methods. The paper illustrates the use of the system by the analysis of a simple job and also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of conversational mode working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project appraisal has long been a difficult task in that a number of methods of worth assessment have been proposed which do not necessarily lead to the same conclusion. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth an assessment technique which is theoretically appealing to the manager and is at the same time easy to calculate.
It is felt that one of the disadvantages of conventional assessment techniques is that they neglect the fact that income is not generated as an end of period, lump sum amount but rather that it is distributed over time in some pattern. The method developed in this paper is sensitive to the time variable earning pattern of the project. This is accomplished by utilizing the concepts of a time variable earning rate and continuous compounding.
A number of examples are provided to illustrate the use of the method in cases of uniform, increasing, decreasing and cyclic earning rates, and comparisons are made with the conventional analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of progressive assembly of products have been evident to industry for many years. The problem addressed in this paper is to assign models to several mixed model lines so as to minimize the assembly costs associated with each line. Criteria are developed which represent costs affected by mixed model assembly. These include balance delay, learning, and a type of inefficiency introduced in this paper called sequence delay. When the criteria are combined, the result is a quantitative measurement of assignment effectiveness in terms of predicted mixed model assembly costs. Typical applications are given demonstrating the consequences of the criteria and their scope of utilization. In addition, a heuristic procedure for assigning models to lines is given. Through an actual example, the applicability of the procedure is demonstrated. The solution, while not optimal, yields assembly costs significantly lower than costs resulting from a large group of randomly generated assignments. SUMMARY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on two empirical studies into the relationship between a company's sales and its inventories. Two ideas are examined. Firstly, are there economies of scale in the holding of inventories, do large companies hold proportionately lower levels than smaller companies? Secondly, has there been a significant change in the inventory--sales relationship over time, has the increasing emphasis on scientific management led to a change in inventory holding practices?
As well as answering these two points, the paper illustrates the difficulties of working with aggregate company data, supplied only once a year. The main statistical technique used is regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses planning problems which arise when different products are manufactured on several assembly lines and production has to be co-ordinated with other manufacturing centres. In a limited labour market flexible production capacity requires the transfer and retraining of existing workers.
The first section of the paper explores the simplest possible planning element which still contains enough of the essence of the problems to shed some light on the nature of a solution. This model consists of the planning of production of a single product in one location, under the supposition that teams of girls may be relinquished to (or obtained from) a labour reservoir at a penalty which corresponds to retraining costs. A production planning game based on this model is constructed, and played with teams of human planners. The game is also played by means of two types of systematic decision rules:(1) a linear production smoothing rule; (2) the optimum rule for the game, developed by dynamic programming. This permits a comparison of the efficacy of human planners in comparison to automatic decision rules.
The dynamic programming model is extended in the next part of the paper to cover a more realistic model of the situation. The results of the dynamic programming analysis are shown to be a very valuable tool for the production planning of several product types in one plant, as well as for the co-ordination of different plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the determination of the greatest stiffness and least power consumption of capillary compensated hydrostatic slideways, prestressed and non-prestressed, respectively. Design equations for determining the optimum values of supply pressure, pocket pressure, length of free-periphery of slideways rim, thickness of land of slideways rim, viscosity, capillary-discharge coefficient and power consumption are determined, other variables held constant. The paper determines the operative conditions which correspond strictly or approximately to the conditions assumed in the equations. Diagrams show the effect of discrepancy between optimum and actual conditions on the stiffness of slideways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to explore some possible causes of stress experienced by semi-automatic arc welders. In the first experiment the effect of a restricted field of vision was investigated. The subject had to track along a 14 s.w.g. wire with a specially designed stylus. His vision of the wire was restricted by cardboard screens, It was found that limiting the area of vision caused an increase in the number of times the subject deviated from the required track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns a technique of Work Sampling in which the sample, instead of being an immediate recognition of the state of the activity, is extended over a fixed period of time. In this time period all states of the activity which fall completely within the sample period are recorded, with the lengths of time of their occurrence.
The paper discusses an experimental approach to a study of such a sampling system. The effects of the length of the fixed period of time of the sample and the number of samples are discussed and illustrated with some experimental results.
Consistencies in the behaviour of the histograms of the samples, when compared with the original distribution built into the experimental model, suggest that reliable methods of estimating the distribution of the original population from sampled values may be practicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines optimum as the condition most favouring factors which influence certain objectives and the achievement of those objectives. Factors which may influence certain objectives can be classified as (a) alternate strategies, (b) states of nature, (c) time, (d) costs related to the achievement of the objectives.
A suboptimum may occur as the result of one or more of the following actions. (1) Exclusion of one or more of the possible strategies (not based on economic consideration). (2) Exclusion of one or more of all states of nature (not based on economic consideration). (3) Inconsistency in the time intervals involved in the decision problem. (4) Neglect of the costs related to the achievement of the objectives. (5) Optimization of one objective resulting in a lower degree of attainment of other objectives. Examples of these categories are given and the paper discusses approaches to be taken in decision problems to eliminate the danger of a suboptimum.
This paper tries to overcome the shortcomings of suboptimization by looking simultaneously at all pertinent factors and functions of the integrated system as they evolve through time and impinge on each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of temperature distribution on the face of the cutting tool is one of the vital problems of metal cutting. The solution of the problem is considered to be a significant step forward in studies in the field of machinability and metal cutting. Analytical solutions of this problem are available but these remain to be confirmed by foolproof experimental techniques.
The work described in this paper and the data presented are largely experimental, though not completely. Experimental data were obtained by using the work-tool thermocouple and tool thermocouple techniques together--supplementary to one another. This approach largely succeeded, though a gap remains and this, for the present, has been filled analytically. It is felt, however, that with improvements, as discussed in this paper, a solution based entirely on experimental data will be possible.
It is shown that the maximum cutting tool temperature is not at the cutting edge but away from it. For a given condition of cutting the location of maximum temperature has been found to be between 0.015 in. to 0.031 in. away from the side cutting edge. The temperature distribution on the face of the cutting tool has been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deformation of grids scribed on the workpiece surface after passage of the material into the chip may be studied in association with the predictions of some appropriate theory. Such a theory based on the assumption that the workpiece material is deformed solely by simple shear is developed in this paper.
The distribution of plastic strains in the metal-cutting process has generally been studied by measuring the distortion of a grid scribed on the surface of the uncut material. Christopherson, Oxley & Palmer (1958), Okushima & Hitomi (1959), Rosenberg & Kufarev (1958), and Russell & Brown (1964) have used this method. In certain cases the distribution of strains is difficult to determine by this means and other methods must be employed. Such cases arise when either the depth of cut or the size of the deformation region is small in relation to the smallest size of grid unit which may be conveniently ruled or deposited on the surface.
In this paper, the preliminary assumption is made that an elementary square grid unit is deformed solely by simple shear into an elementary parallelogram and that, as a result, the shape of the element remains either that of a parallelogram or a rectangle throughout its passage into the chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using circular arcs of tangential velocity discontinuity an attempt is made to account for some of the experimentally observed facts of rolling and rolling contact as between a circular "workpiece" and one or more parallel rolls. The same methods are demonstrated to apply to certain rotary forming operations.
The physical situations discussed in the first part of this paper arose out of a need to account for the phenomena of rolling contact; such contributions as have so far been made have thrown light on the problems of wear and on ball-and-roller bearing life. The last part of the paper will be seen to have obvious relevance to the Mannesmann and similar tube-making processes.
This essay endeavors to comprehend, though only to a modest degree, these different situations using a concept well known in the theory of plasticity, the tangential velocity discontinuity. The approach offered is speculative since the "solutions" proposed are based on over-simplifications which ultimately may not be adequately justified. However, because colleagues who originally read this essay in note form seemed to find it "plausible, interesting and suggestive", it was thought worthwhile to offer it for publication and discussion. The matter treated should at least bring attention to a very challenging area of mechanics which as yet claims an insignificant number of research workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of Faculty members of the School of Industrial Management at Purdue University have for some time been engaged in studies of decision making in a large, decentralized American manufacturing company. These studies have investigated decisions at the mills producing raw material and the converting plants of this fully integrated company. Examinations have been made of decision processes within and between company plants with the objective of adding to theory of behavior in organizations, particularly theory of working relations and theory of cognitive processes in the carrying out of complex organizational tasks, and application of theory to the solution of practical problems, such as those of scheduling production and of formal organization.
This paper discusses one of these projects, an attempt to construct a behavioral model of the decision rules actually employed to schedule orders for production in one of the firm's plants. This project has sought to embody decision rules in a computer program which will, in fact, take incoming data on orders and plant capacity and convert this into an operating schedule in a manner highly analogous to that of the human schedulers who performed this task.[] The following discussion avoids technical details, since the aim of this paper is to give an overall picture of the major purpose and problems of this type of research; to describe its origin and to suggest possible future application as seen by the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an interim report on a comparative study of paced and unpaced worker performance. A number of pilot experiments are described involving simple physical and mental, including inspection, tasks paced by conveyor and other systems. Tentative findings are given, relating to output, quality of performance, distributions of operation times and ratios of constituent motion element times. Reference is made to preliminary work on computer simulation of paced systems. This Paper describes recent and current research at Birmingham which aims at contributing to the understanding and hence to the solving of these problems by way of comparative studies of the characteristics of paced and unpaced performance of workers engaged on highly repetitive tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent experiments on blanking and piercing it was found that cracks occurred in the region of maximum hardness gradient and that cracking could be eliminated by reducing the punch and die edges. In this paper a simple stress analysis is made of the corresponding plane strain deformation, account being taken of the strain-hardening property of the work material. The above experimental observations are then shown to be compatible with the predicted stress distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]