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Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is very common in children and can cause airway obstruction. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between AH and other factors, including age, possible related symptoms, and allergies.Seven hundred and ninety-five patients (460 males, 335 females; mean age=5.9 years; range age: 1-14 years) were seen in an ENT clinic for nasal symptoms. Nasal endoscopy was performed with a pediatric flexible endoscope. One hundred and sixty-nine patients had documented allergy sensitization. Patients were divided into two groups according to their age: group 1 included children aged 1-7 years, and group 2 included subjects aged 8-14 years.Adenoid size was related to age (p0.0001). A logistic regression model - performed to evaluate adenoid grade considering, as dependent variables, age, sex, and the presence or absence of symptoms - was statistically significant (p0.001). Moreover, AH was more common (p=0.0104) in patients with allergy sensitization, in particular in patients aged 8-14 years (p=0.0043). Nasal obstruction (OR=3.27) significantly predicted AH, whereas major age was not associated with pathological AH (OR=0.81).The present retrospective study described the relationship between AH and other demographic and clinical factors. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated a significant association among pathological AH, age, and nasal obstruction.

Summary Objective Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) usually presents with respiratory complaints that persist for more than 10 days with no sign of improvement. This 10-day mark is considered to separate simple upper viral respiratory infection from ARS. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate a group of children with suspected ARS by performing nasal endoscopy. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 287 consecutive children (152 males and 135 females, aged between 2 and 15 years), in whom ARS was suspected. A detailed clinical history was recorded for each patient and a thorough physical examination was carried out by an allergist-paediatrician. Patients were also evaluated by an ENT specialist who performed nasal endoscopy. Results Endoscopy confirmed the clinical diagnosis of rhinosinusitis in 256 patients (89.2%). Isolated rhinosinusitis was diagnosed in 80.85% of cases (207 patients), whereas it was associated with adenoiditis in 49 (19.15%) children. Twenty patients had adenoiditis alone (7%). The distribution of the isolated and combined diagnoses differed significantly between age groups ( p = 0.015), particularly between the youngest and oldest group (post hoc test p = 0.005). Conclusions This study suggests that the endoscopy is a valuable tool in diagnosing children with suspected ARS and with adenoiditis too. Moreover, the age influences the diseases’ pattern.