Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status plays an important role in therapeutic decision making for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Since EGFR mutation-specific antibodies (E746-A750del and L858R) have been developed, EGFR mutation detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a suitable screening test. On this basis, we want to establish a new screening test, quantum dots immunofluorescence histochemistry (QDs-IHC), to assess EGFR gene mutation in NSCLC tissues, and we compared it to traditional IHC and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)., Materials and Methods: EGFR gene mutations were detected by QDs-IHC, IHC, and ADx-ARMS in 65 cases of NSCLC composed of 55 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens and ten pleural effusion cell blocks, including 13 squamous cell carcinomas, two adenosquamous carcinomas, and 50 adenocarcinomas., Results: Positive rates of EGFR gene mutations detected by QDs-IHC, IHC, and ADx-ARMS were 40.0%, 36.9%, and 46.2%, respectively, in 65 cases of NSCLC patients. The sensitivity of QDs-IHC when detecting EGFR mutations, as compared to ADx-ARMS, was 86.7% (26/30); the specificity for both antibodies was 100.0% (26/26). IHC sensitivity was 80.0% (24/30) and the specificity was 92.31% (24/26). When detecting EGFR mutations, QDs-IHC and ADx-ARMS had perfect consistency (κ =0.882; P<0.01). Excellent agreement was observed between IHC and ADx-ARMS when detecting EGFR mutations (κ =0.826; P<0.01)., Conclusion: QDs-IHC is a simple and standardized method to detect EGFR mutations with its high sensitivity and specificity, as compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the development of specific antibodies against EGFR mutation proteins might be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.