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The insular cortex had been considered a mysterious structure for years and consists of only 2% of all cortical surface area. It is a separate lobe of the cerebral cortex and lies close to the limbic system, which makes it a paralimbic structure, and forms the floor of the lateral sulcus. Despite the myriad of research regarding the insular cortex over the years, it is still considered an obscure and incompletely known structure. Thus, this study aimed to summarize the previous studies regarding the structure, embryology, location, connections, and functions of the insular cortex. Moreover, this review would tend to reorganize the data in a more comprehensive fashion to facilitate reaching the information regarding the insular cortex. The results of the studies were summarized from three perspectives that is neuroanatomy, physiological function, and pathologies commonly affecting the insular cortex. Overall, many textbooks, reviews, case reports, and clinical trials have demonstrated that the insular cortex has a crucial, active, and integrative role in functions throughout the body, from the brain to feeling pain in dorsal part of the foot. Moreover, ischemic stroke cases have demonstrated clearly, how much important the insular cortex is, in normal physiological functioning. More studies, especially clinical trials, should be performed to evaluate the effects of impeding this important intracranial structure.

Background: Subtrochanteric fractures account for around 7% to 34% of all femur fractures. Cephalo-medullary nailing is the gold standard in the repair of subtrochanteric femur fractures. Case presentation: We present a case of a medically free 21-year-old man, who was admitted with right thigh deformity and inability to bear weight after a motor vehicle accident. Standard pelvis and right femur radiographs showed a subtrochanteric femur with deformity forces of the fracture fragments. The patient was operated on with cephalo-medullary nailing using a Lowman bone holder. The fracture remained stable after cephalo-medullary fixation. The patient was discharged and was advised to continue follow-up. Conclusion: Fixation of femur subtrochanteric fracture with cephalo-medullary nailing technique using a Lowman clamp showed excellent clinical and radiographic results and a low complication rate.