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Due to the future uses of solar energy in different areas, such as the oxidation of fossil fuel-based contaminants, the reduction of carbon dioxide, heterogeneous photocatalysis, and the generation of inexhaustible and renewable hydrogen gas exploits semiconductors. As a metal free photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is classified to solve these energy hazards and ecological difficulties owing to its excellent electronic structure with band energy of about 2.7 eV, robust photochemical stability, and better light-harvesting efficiency. However, its photocatalytic performance is still insufficient due to a minor surface area and poor conductivity. Therefore, heterojunction formation by combining it with a giant band gap material is a potential approach to reestablish polarization in its distinctive band structure, increase its light absorption capacity and enhance its surface area. In this regard, various synthesis techniques have been applied so far to integrate g-C 3 N 4 and other materials for boosting its photocatalytic activity. So far, metal oxide, sulfides, and ferrites are three crucial groups of materials that have been identified and defined to be used to synthesize g-C 3 N 4 dependent nanocomposites. As a result, in this review, we have compiled a list of the most recent g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites with their applications in solar energy adaptation and pollution control. This study concludes an overview about the next steps to study the nanomaterials based g-C 3 N 4 composites and a range of additional insights to solve the present problems. • This review addresses the properties and structures of g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst structure. • Pros and cons of their synthesis techniques. • The types of the g-C 3 N 4 -based nanocomposite are emphasized. • Approaches to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C 3 N 4. • The most up-to-date photocatalytic applications were thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We confirmed a specific copolymerization (molecular doping) method for the covalent integration of 2,4-dihydroxyoxazole (DHO) monomer within the framework of carbon nitride (CN). The obtained composites xCN/DHO reveal a sophisticated dual-phase photocatalytic activity, which can effectively reduce and oxidize the CO 2 and NO 2 sources in an aqueous solution and simultaneously performed the oxidation of olefin (C C) in an organic state. This momentous dual state activity is concerned with the lipophilicity elevation from the convolution of oxazole (DHO) monomer within the shell of CN semiconductor. This modulation demonstrates the probability of hydrophobic olefin molecules, escorted in the bulk of CN and associated with the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals (∗OH) caused by photogenerated electrons/holes. In this approach, the olefinic compound allusively consumes the photoinduced electrons/holes through elevated CN/DHO, thus stimulating the entire photocatalytic route. Recent research provides a novel strategy for the production of solar fuels upon organic synthesis via the oxidizing capacity of photoinduced holes within free semiconductors of amphiphilic metals. Likewise, the results of the NO 2 photocatalytic reaction demonstrated that molecular doping drastically reduces the oxidative capacity and improves its reducing propensity. More importantly, the CO 2 reduction process supervenes into an extreme aggregation of methane (CH 4) as well as carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of co-catalyst Pt respectively. The photocatalytic results demonstrate that the copolymerized CN provide the greatest reduction/oxidation potential, which is due to its chemical oxidation phase that causes superior fluctuations in whole performance under solar irradiation. • Synthesis of oxazole (DHO) based carbon nitride (CN) through molecular engineering. • Samples were utilized for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and NO 2 oxidation. • The momentous activity is concerned towards the convolution of DHO within CN. • Samples alter the probability for hydrophobic olefin molecules due to *OH radicals. • The reduction/oxidation process happen due to excess of electrons/holes in materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the graphite based heterogeneous photocatalysts has attained tremendous research attention in various environmental applications. Among them, the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is categorized as a unique solar active particle with its outstanding intrinsic properties i.e., adequate band configuration, excellent light absorptivity and thermo-physical durability, which make it highly useful and reliable for revenue transformation and ecological concerns. Considering the intrinsic potential of g-C 3 N 4 in photocatalysis, so far, no report has been done in literature for its extraordinary configuration, morphological characteristics and perspective tuning for said applications. To overcome this research gap, our primary emphasis of this review regarding photocatalysis is to provide layout as well as the advancement of visible-light-fueled materials as highly stabilized and extremely effective ones for pragmatic implementation. Thus, this existing comprehensive assessment conducts a systematic survey over visible light driven non-metal novel g-C 3 N 4. The major advancement of this evaluation is the fabrication of well-designed nanosized g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts with unique configurable frameworks and compositions. Furthermore, alternative techniques in order to customize the analogue band configuration and noticeable cultivation such as metal (cation), nonmetal (anion) doping, worthy metal activating, and alloy initiation with certain semiconductors are discussed in detail. In addition to this, g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic functionalities towards photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO 2 photoreduction, biological metal ions deterioration as well as bacterial sanitization are also presented and discussed in detail. Therefore, we believe that such a pivotal compact assessment can provide a roadmap in several perspectives on the currently underway obstacles in the innovation of effective g-C 3 N 4 catalytic design processes. Moreover, this critical assessment will ultimately serve as a useful supplement in the research area of g-C 3 N 4 nanosized photocatalysts and for the researchers working on its key aspects in diverse range of natural, chemistry, engineering and environmental applications. • Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is a metal-free sustainable photocatalyst with a band gap of 2.7 eV. • G-C 3 N 4 has improved light absorption performance as well as electronic features. • Multiple synthetic approaches are being used with g-C 3 N 4 to improve its photocatalytic capabilities. • Metals/nonmetals doping, activation, and alloy formation are employed for g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites. • Our review includes the latest current g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites and their photocatalytic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the graphite based heterogeneous photocatalysts has attained tremendous research attention in various environmental applications. Among them, the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is categorized as a unique solar active particle with its outstanding intrinsic properties i.e., adequate band configuration, excellent light absorptivity and thermo-physical durability, which make it highly useful and reliable for revenue transformation and ecological concerns. Considering the intrinsic potential of g-C 3 N 4 in photocatalysis, so far, no report has been done in literature for its extraordinary configuration, morphological characteristics and perspective tuning for said applications. To overcome this research gap, our primary emphasis of this review regarding photocatalysis is to provide layout as well as the advancement of visible-light-fueled materials as highly stabilized and extremely effective ones for pragmatic implementation. Thus, this existing comprehensive assessment conducts a systematic survey over visible light driven non-metal novel g-C 3 N 4. The major advancement of this evaluation is the fabrication of well-designed nanosized g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts with unique configurable frameworks and compositions. Furthermore, alternative techniques in order to customize the analogue band configuration and noticeable cultivation such as metal (cation), nonmetal (anion) doping, worthy metal activating, and alloy initiation with certain semiconductors are discussed in detail. In addition to this, g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic functionalities towards photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO 2 photoreduction, biological metal ions deterioration as well as bacterial sanitization are also presented and discussed in detail. Therefore, we believe that such a pivotal compact assessment can provide a roadmap in several perspectives on the currently underway obstacles in the innovation of effective g-C 3 N 4 catalytic design processes. Moreover, this critical assessment will ultimately serve as a useful supplement in the research area of g-C 3 N 4 nanosized photocatalysts and for the researchers working on its key aspects in diverse range of natural, chemistry, engineering and environmental applications. • Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is a metal-free sustainable photocatalyst with a band gap of 2.7 eV. • G-C 3 N 4 has improved light absorption performance as well as electronic features. • Multiple synthetic approaches are being used with g-C 3 N 4 to improve its photocatalytic capabilities. • Metals/nonmetals doping, activation, and alloy formation are employed for g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites. • Our review includes the latest current g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites and their photocatalytic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]