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Objective: This paper examines the frequency with which a set of life-saving interventions or signal functions was performed to treat major obstetric complications.Methods and Results: The basic signal functions include parenteral antibiotics, anticonvulsants and oxytocics, and the procedures of manual removal of the placenta, removal of retained uterine products, and assisted vaginal delivery. Comprehensive functions include the six basic functions, cesarean delivery, and blood transfusions. Data from 1906 health facilities in 13 countries indicate that the most likely functions to be reported are oxytocics and antibiotics. The basic function least likely to be reported is assisted vaginal delivery. Many of the facilities surveyed did not have the infrastructure to perform operations or provide blood transfusions.Conclusions: These data can help governments allocate their budgets appropriately, help policy makers and planners identify systemic bottlenecks and prioritize solutions. Monitoring the performance of the functions informs us of the capacity of the health system to provide key interventions when obstetric emergencies occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper argues for an additional indicator for measuring progress of the Millennium Development Goal for maternal health-the availability of emergency obstetric care.Methods: MDG monitoring will be based on two indicators: the maternal mortality ratio and the proportion of births attended by skilled personnel. Strengths and weaknesses of a third indicator are discussedResults: The availability of EmOC measures the capacity of the health system to respond to direct obstetric complications. Benefits to using this additional indicator are its usefulness in determining an adequate distribution of services and showing management at all levels what life-saving interventions are not being provided, and stimulate thought as to why. It can reflect programmatic changes over a relatively short period of time and data requirements are not onerous.Conclusion: A measure of strength of the health system is important since many interventions depend on the health system for their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the maternal disease burden due to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in Ethiopia and the national health system's readiness to respond to the needs of women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.Methods: The national emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) assessment entailed collecting information from 112 hospitals and 685 health centers in Ethiopia, focusing on their infrastructure, the services they provided, human resources, equipment and supplies, case load, and mortality due to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.Results: Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia complicated 1.2% of all institutional deliveries. Given the low institutional delivery rate and an expected incidence of 2%-8% of all deliveries, this implies that only a small fraction (3.8%) of all women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia received care at health facilities. 11% of all maternal deaths and 16% of direct maternal deaths were due to this obstetric complication. The cause-specific case fatality rate was high (3.6%). Availability of urine test strips, anticonvulsants, antihypertensives, and actual service provision to treat these diseases was limited, especially at health centers.Conclusion: The salutary effects of the national EmONC assessment were immediate, as evidenced by how quickly the release of the Ethiopian report led to important national efforts to improve maternal and newborn health. Expansion of health services should be augmented with periodic assessments of logistics and quality-related issues to assure functioning facilities for women accessing obstetric services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Government of Bangladesh has implemented safe motherhood programs throughout the country supported by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) aimed at reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of the interventions on the UN emergency obstetric care (EmOC) process indicators in Khulna division, Bangladesh.Methods: Of the 71 government health facilities in Khulna division, 32 were providing comprehensive and 20 were providing basic EmOC services. Another 4 facilities were providing comprehensive or basic EmOC services during the first three-quarters but became non-functional during the last quarter. EmOC data, from January to December 2002, were collected from all these 56 facilities to determine the levels of EmOC process indicators relative to the UN guidelines and compared with baseline data from 1998 to 1999.Results: There were 1.04 and 0.64 comprehensive and basic EmOC facilities respectively per 500,000 population. When compared with the baseline data, the coverage of comprehensive EmOC services was substantially increased from 0.23 to 1.04 per 500,000 population, which achieves the minimum UN standards but the coverage of basic EmOC services remained the same. The data also showed that, compared with the baseline survey, the proportion of births at the EmOC facilities increased 119% from 5.3% to 11.7% (p<0.001), met need increased 141% from 11.1% to 26.6% (p<0.001), and cesarean section as a proportion of all expected births, increased 151% from 0.5% to 1.3% (p<0.001), while the overall case fatality rate (CFR) decreased by 51% (p<0.001).Conclusion: With the exception of coverage of basic EmOC after the interventions, there was significant improvement in all the EmOC process indicators in Khulna division. However, most of the process indicators are still far from the minimum recommended UN standards.Recommendations: Efforts should continue to keep the EmOC facilities functional 24/7 while increasing the number of basic EmOC facilities, and improving utilization of services to reach the minimum UN standards. Community mobilization should be directed to understand the danger signs and utilization of services at functional facilities when necessary. Further research to identify the factors influencing utilization of EmOC services and continuous monitoring and periodical assessment of the process indicators are recommended to evaluate the overall situation from time to time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]