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Background: The effects of the implementation of a new Dutch hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination strategy (1991) for expatriates on HBV vaccination status and HBV infection prevalence were evaluated in a group of 864 expatriates returning from HBV-endemic areas.Methods: During a routine medical examination at the participating medical centres Dutch expatriates were asked to complete a questionnaire and to donate a serum sample for HBV testing. Blood was tested for antibodies against the hepatitis B core (anti-HBc) and surface antigens (anti-HBs). The serological data were related to information gathered on aspects of residence, sexual risk behaviour and occupational risks.Results: A significantly higher percentage of expatriates (37%) were vaccinated compared to a previous study in 1987-1989 (14%). However, the percentage of expatriates with HBV infection markers (5%) had not decreased significantly. Moreover, the risk for HBV infection, as determined with a questionnaire, was still affected by well-known risk factors such as homosexual contacts (odds ratio [OR] = 6.6, 95% CI: 1.7-26), more than five casual local partners (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2-11) and more than five occupational accidents in the last 3 years (OR = 20, 95% CI: 2-187). Detailed analysis of the vaccination status indicated that especially young female expatriates with low risk behaviour (65%) were protected, while older male expatriates with high risk behaviour were less protected (20%).Conclusion: We conclude that the new vaccination strategy has resulted in a higher percentage of expatriates protected. However, only a small proportion was reached of those at highest risk for HBV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]