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The surge in interest surrounding renewable energy stems from concerns regarding pollution and the finite supply of nonrenewable resources. Solar PV and wind hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are increasingly recognized as practical and cost-effective solutions, particularly in remote areas. However, the intermittent nature of solar and wind power presents a challenge. To address this, incorporating a hydrogen source into the system has been proposed. This study focuses on modelling and sizing a hybrid energy system tailored for remote areas, accommodating both home and electric vehicle loads. The simulation is conducted for Siliguri, West Bengal, India, with the goal of optimizing productivity, minimizing expenses, and considering economic factors using HOMER Pro software. The integration of green hydrogen-based power generation with photovoltaic and wind HRES emerges as an effective solution. Solar power, in particular, showcases promising opportunities for the electrolysis process and HRES systems. The presented work facilitates the modelling of a green hydrogen-based green energy system, taking into account capacity, cost, and emission constraints. Various case studies are conducted to enhance system efficiency and reduce the costs of energy (COE). In this paper, three cases of grid-connected and three cases of off-grid or grid-disconnected systems are considered for highlighting the benefits of hydrogen energy incorporation in both types of systems. This research contributes to sustainable energy solutions, advancing a greener and more efficient energy landscape, especially in addressing the recent development in load combinations of home and electric vehicle loads in both grid-connected as well as grid-disconnected system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Helium cooled dual breeder (HCDB) blanket concept is designed for Indian DEMO fusion reactor and it is made of two tritium breeder materials PbLi and Li2TiO3. It has helium as a coolant and the India specific RAFMS as a structural material. High‐pressure helium first cools the plasma facing first‐wall and after that, it will extract heat from PbLi and ceramic breeder. Since PbLi is not used as a coolant, it therefore circulates with a low flow rate. It will overcome the corrosion and MHD issues associated with high temperature and high flow rate of PbLi. The idea behind the concept is to make a design which can be made using the existing blanket materials, extract high‐grade heat from the reactor and also enhance the availability. In HCDB blanket the role of neutron multiplier is done by PbLi, an alternative to the beryllium and it eliminates the issue associated with high toxic beryllium handling. It can be a potential tritium breeding blanket concept along with lead lithium cooled ceramic breeder (LLCB) and helium cooled ceramic breeder (HCCB) for near term Indian demonstration nuclear fusion power plant. In order to realize the HCDB conceptual design, preliminary estimations of tritium production, nuclear heat density have been carried out. The thermal behaviors of the HCDB blanket in Indian DEMO conditions have been also assessed and reported here. The assessment establishes the proof of HCDB blanket concept and supports it to be a good alternate blanket candidate for the Indian DEMO. The paper describes the HCDB concept along with analysis to verify the tritium self‐sufficiency and materials temperature limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: As it is known that the whole world is battling against the Corona Virus Disease or COVID19 and trying their level best to stop the spread of this pandemic. To avoid the spread, several countries like China, Italy, Spain, America took strict measures like nationwide lockdown or by cordoning off the areas that were suspected of having risks of community spread. Taking cues from the foreign counterparts, the government of India undertook an important decision of nationwide full lockdown on March 25th which was further extended till May 4th, 2020 (47 days‐full lockdown). Looking at the current situation government of India pushed the lockdown further with eased curbs, divided the nation into green, orange and red zones, rapid testing of citizens in containment area, mandatory wearing of masks and following social distancing among others. The outbreak of the pandemic, has led to the large economic shock to the world which was never been experienced since decades. Moreover it brought a great uncertainty over the world wide electricity sector as to slow down the spread of the virus, many countries have issued restrictions, including the closure of malls, educational institutions, halting trains, suspending of flights, implemented partial or full lockdowns, insisted work from home to the employees. In this paper, the impact analysis of electricity consumption of state Haryana (India) is done using machine learning conventional algorithms and artificial neural network and electricity load forecasting is done for a week so as to aid the electricity board to know the consumption of the area pre hand and likewise can restrict the electricity production as per requirement. Thus, it will help power system to secure electricity supply and scheduling and reduce wastes since electricity is difficult to store. For this the dataset from regional electricity boards of Haryana that is, Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam and Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam were analysed and electricity loads of state were predicted using python programming and as per result analysis it was observed that artificial neural network out performs conventional machine learning models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, thermal models of all types of solar collector-integrated active solar stills are developed based on basic energy balance equations in terms of inner and outer glass temperatures. In this paper, hourly yield, hourly exergy efficiency, and hourly overall thermal efficiency of active solar stills are evaluated for 0.05 m water depth. All numerical computations had been performed for a typical day in the month of 07 December 2005 for the climatic conditions of New Delhi (28°35′N, 77°12′E, 216 m above MSL). The thermal model of flat-plate collector integrated with active solar still was validated using the experimental test set-up results. Total daily yield from active solar still integrated with evacuated tube collector with heat pipe is 4.24 kg m-2 day-1, maximum among all other types of active solar stills. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Energy demand is increasing rapidly because of developments in the agricultural, industrial, commercial and transportation sectors. Improved lifestyle and population rise are other reasons for the increase in energy demand. The development of an electricity allocation model will help in the proper allocation of the energy sources to meet the future electricity demand in India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a fuzzy-based linear programming, optimal electricity allocation model (OEAM) that minimizes the cost and determines the optimum allocation of different energy sources to the centralized and decentralized power generation in India. The potential of energy sources, energy demand, efficiency of the energy systems, emission released by the energy systems and carbon tax for the emissions released by each system are the main factors that influence the pattern of electricity distribution and are used as constraints in the model. Executing this model results in an optimal electricity distribution pattern. The results indicate that the commercial energy sources such as coal, nuclear and hydro would meet nearly 68% of total electricity demand and that the remaining 32% of the electricity demand will be met by the renewable energy sources, namely, wind, biomass, biogas, solid waste, cogeneration and mini hydel for the year 2020. Various scenarios are also developed by varying the demand, potential, emission and carbon tax. This study will help in the formation of strategies for effective utilization of energy sources in India. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solar dryer integrated with photovoltaic powered DC fan has been designed and installed at Solar Energy Park, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. The dryer has been coupled to a solar air heater having blackened surface of absorber for improved energy collection efficiency and a drying chamber with chimney. An analytical expression for characteristic equation for photovoltaic/thermal mixed mode dryer has been derived as a function of design and climatic parameters. The experiment was carried out for forced mode under no load conditions during April 2008 and validated with theoretical results for New Delhi climatic condition. This paper also shows the detailed analysis of thermal energy, exergy, and electrical energy gain by considering four weather conditions (a, b, c, and d type) for five different cities (New Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Srinagar, and Jodhpur) of India. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a solar exergy map concept and conduct a comprehensive case study to show how it is utilized and how it is significant for practical solar applications. Based on the exergy content of the solar radiation, the performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system is evaluated for different Indian cities, namely Bangalore (latitude 12°58′N, longitude 77°38′E), Jodhpur (latitude 26°18′N, longitude 73°04′E), Mumbai (latitude 18°55′N, longitude 72°54′E), New Delhi (latitude 28°35′N, longitude 77°12′E) and Srinagar (latitude 34°08′N, longitude 74°51′E) for a year and for different cities of U.S.A., namely Chicago (latitude 41°50′N, longitude 87°37′W), Las Vegas (latitude 36°10′N, longitude 115°12′W), Miami (latitude 25°46′N, longitude 80°12′W), New York (latitude 40°47′N, longitude 73°58′E), Portland (latitude 43°40′N, longitude 70°15′W), San Antonio (latitude 29°23′N, longitude 98°33′W), San Francisco (latitude 37°47′N, longitude 122°26′W), Tucson (latitude 32°7′N, longitude 110°56′W) and Tulsa (latitude 36°09′N, longitude 95°59′W) for different months of January, April, June and October. For the first time, the development of exergy maps for the exergy of solar radiation as well as the exergy efficiency of PV/T system is done for the above-mentioned Indian and American climatic conditions. It is found that the predicted exergy efficiency is in good agreement with the experimental results for the climatic conditions of New Delhi, India. It is observed that the average exergy efficiency is highest in Bangalore from January (28%) to April (32.6%) and from September (32.5%) to December (32.4%) and it is highest in Srinagar from May (29.5%) to August (26.8%) for Indian climatic conditions and for American climatic conditions, the PV/T system gives the best performance in terms of exergy efficiency in Las Vegas (32%) and Tucson (32.5–31.5%) in April and June. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a new model to evaluate the hourly solar radiation for composite climate of New Delhi. The comparison of new model for hourly solar radiation has been carried out by using various model proposed by others. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE) have been used to compare the accuracy of new and others model. The results show that the ASHRAE and new proposed model estimate hourly solar radiation better for composite climate of New Delhi in comparison to other models. Hourly solar radiation estimated by constants obtained by new model (modified ASHRAE model) for composite climate of India is fairly comparable with measured data. The percentage mean bias error with new constants for New Delhi was found as low as 0.15 and 0% for hourly beam and diffuse radiation, respectively. There is a 1.9–8.5% RMSE between observed and predicted values of beam radiation using new constants for clear days. The statistical analysis has been used for the present study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate cloudiness/haziness and atmospheric transmittance factors for the composite climate of New Delhi, India by considering the hourly data of global and diffuse radiation obtained for (i) the city region, experimentally observed and (ii) the flat land region obtained from the Department of Indian Meteorology, Pune. Cloudiness/haziness factor for the two models have been determined using simple regression analysis for clear sky condition for New Delhi. The comparison between the cloudiness/haziness and atmospheric transmittance factors for the composite climate of New Delhi for both the models and regions have been made. It has been observed that the cloudiness/haziness and atmospheric transmittance factors obtained by both models gave fair agreement within an accuracy of 0.57%. It has also been observed that there is a significant effect of region on beam and diffuse radiation due to cloudiness/haziness factors as expected. Further the data of solar radiation obtained from the Department of Indian Meteorology, Pune, have been used to evaluate the monthly performance of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. It has been found that an overall thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of PV/T air collector were about 50 and 14%, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Nuclear hydrogen production via commercially mature water electrolysis technology is a promising, low‐carbon route to bulk quantities of hydrogen for industrial decarbonization. This has special relevance to all energy resource‐poor countries like India who must also reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and chemical feed stock like natural gas. This study assesses green hydrogen demand in major Indian industries vis‐à‐vis the corresponding hydrogen supply capability via water electrolysis by Indian nuclear power reactors. India's existing, upcoming, and planned nuclear reactors can power modular water electrolysers to produce 1.8–4.0 million metric tons H2 per annum at annualized production costs competitive with current renewable hydrogen costs. Nuclear hydrogen can meet between 6% and 15% of the current green hydrogen demand of priority sectors in India. Project profitability requires sale price of nuclear hydrogen to be at least 60% to 90% above the levelized production cost. Depending on the end user sectors, nuclear hydrogen can enable avoidance of 490–570 million tons CO2 per annum from several industries beyond the electric power sector. Novelty Statement: The study analyses the potential of India's existing and upcoming nuclear power reactors to diversify and support the creation of a domestic green hydrogen supply chain for decarbonization of critical and hard‐to‐abate industries. It analyzes sectoral demands for hydrogen, techno‐economic aspects of nuclear hydrogen production using site‐specific data, including comparison with solar hydrogen. It emphasizes the importance of diversifying the energy mix used for large quantities of green hydrogen for sustainable decarbonization of sectors like fertilizers, metallurgy, and long‐distance transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Nowadays the whole world is striving to achieve energy security and sustainable development through sustainable utilization of cleaner energy resources. But due to the rapidly rising population caused by the unprecedented urban development, it has created imbalances of energy supply and demand. Hybrid energy systems have emerged as a promising source to augment existing energy infrastructure for sustainable energy supply and to reduce the impact of challenges posed by the energy scarcities. There have been continuous requests from the urban sector for additional energy resources, but the energy generation involves a complex phenomenon. In India also, there are abundances of rising energy demands from various sectors over the regions, and these demands cannot be fulfilled further due to the limitations of the energy generation grids. As a result, an approach is required to offer additional energy resources beyond the use of diesel generator (which increases environmental pollution). Recently due advancement in hybrid energy systems consisting of non‐renewable & renewable or renewable & renewable or non‐renewable & non‐renewable, it provides a scope to understand the various configuration of the hybrid energy system for past trends, present status and future scenarios. The investment in energy technologies is critical to be evaluated with techno‐economic feasibility analysis for resource efficiency optimization. Hence, the main objective of this work is to propose an optimal system configuration for urban residential standalone hybrid energy systems to fulfil the electrical energy requirement, which is technically and economically reliable & feasible. The current work accounts for scaling up the existing energy system with proper implementation. The simulations results show that expected average energy requirements of 5 kWh/day with a peak of 818 W for a typical household can be met with proposed configuration (with components like solar PV, wind turbine, power generator [diesel] and battery backup system). The data simulation and optimization technique for a monthly profile of wind, solar, and excess energy generation over HOMER simulation toolkit offer the potential to generate excess electricity of 19.3%. Techno‐economic assessment of the system shows that the proposed system offers more economical and performance benefits. This study also articulates the need to propose a better energy system structure with basic energy grid extension as a cost‐effective solution for sustainable development. Similar kind of assessment will offer a useful decision support system for tropical countries to guide future researchers in energy studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Escalation in electricity consumption and environmental pollution worldwide necessitates the need for alternative and sustainable energy sources other than conventional sources. Therefore, in this article, renewable energy–based microgrid is presented to cater such needs. Different feasible microgrid topologies are determined and analyzed to meet the demand of the proposed site. The feasibility evaluation of the different microgrid configurations is performed based on the cost factors and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The optimum configuration is selected based on the minimum cost of annual operating charges, annual energy charges and annual social cost of CO2 emissions taken altogether. Besides this, the comparison of the various configurations is also performed on the basis of net present cost, capital expenditure and cost of energy. For analysis, the site profile and load profile of Jamia Millia Islamia University, India, are taken. The optimization is performed in HOMER. It is obtained from the simulation results that the microgrid configuration comprising grid‐solar photovoltaic‐wind turbine is found to be best suited for the proposed site based on various parameters. Furthermore, the efficacy of the proposed system is compared with conventional grid‐only system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The primary objective for promoting clean energy in India is sustainable development, improving energy poverty, energy security, access to energy, and mitigate climate change. Solar‐based renewable energy systems are considering as clean energy because of it does not emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity. The solar tree is a very good example of the integration of various technologies. The study presents the design, development, and validation of a solar tree in the Himalayan region. The solar tree is emerged out as one of the most creative and environmentally friendly solutions in the mountainous region as it overcomes the problem of the scarcity of land. A modular design approach for the solar tree is adopted. The tree design is a nontracking solar tree, equipped with LED lights, multiple USB ports, electrical sockets for charging laptops, mobile phones, electric bicycles, and electric vehicles. It generates 28% more power in comparison to the land‐based system. Its annual electricity generation is 2160 to 2520 units at the rate of 6 to 7 units per day. The factor of safety at a wind speed of 100 km/h and 200 km/h are 6 and 1.52. The photovoltaic energy density improvement and solar energy footprint improvement with the land‐based system during sunny and bright environmental conditions are 42.37% and 39.47%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lakshadweep group of islands in Arabian Sea is one of the two major groups of islands in India. In these islands the main source of electricity is diesel generators, the diesel being transported from the main land to produce over 9 MW of electricity. Considering the remoteness of the island and the polluting nature of the existing plants, it is desirable to adopt a strategy to utilize available potential of non-polluting renewable energy sources for these ecologically sensitive islands. A techno economic and environmental analysis for grid interactive solar photovoltaic power system of Union Territory of Lakshadweep islands is presented. This paper also examines the pollution aspect of power generation through Diesel Generator set and highlights the environmental benefits in using solar energy. Experiences of grid interactive solar photovoltaic power system installed recently in different islands are discussed and suggestions have been made for improving its efficiency and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of India has been providing various financial incentives including capital subsidy, interest subsidy and depreciation related income tax benefits with the objective of promoting development and dissemination of renewable energy technologies in the country. These financial incentives have, however, changed from time to time in their type, magnitude, scope and even geographical coverage. In some cases, the state governments have also been providing additional incentives. It is therefore, necessary to undertake a detailed evaluation and comparison of different financial incentives provided for dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India (provided in the past as well as the existing incentives) to facilitate a comprehensive grasp of these measures for future planning. An attempt in this direction has been made in this paper. Simple mathematical expressions have been derived to facilitate comparison among some of the commonly provided financial incentives. Results of some exemplifying calculations for three solar energy systems have been presented and briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop an optimization model using linear programming, in order to get maximum output of surplus biomass (agricultural residue) excluding the biomass assigned for fuel and fodder for animals, by suitably allocating the land area for the cultivation of various crops subject to meeting the food requirements of the population with regard to cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugar and vegetables in Nilakkottai Block of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India. The model also takes into consideration utilization of the available resources such as human labour, animal power and tractor power in this block. It is also concluded that the existing surplus biomass can be utilized for the generation of electricity to an extent of 28 056 MWh in order to meet the power requirement of the block to an extent of 84 percentage. As a result of applying this model, the generation of power from the surplus biomass is increased to 38 321 MWh in order to meet the power demand of the block to an extent of 115%. The model is solved under three different scenarios namely existing land use pattern for the year 1996, by increasing the irrigated area under cultivation in Karif and Rabi seasons. HYPER-LINDO software package is used to solve the model using a pentium computer system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Advancement of energy exploitation increased the demand for various alternative generation methods and efficient production and utilization systems. Such kind of alternative energy systems would be of great use in certain terrains like dry lands wherein drought is prevalent and scope for solar photovoltaic (PV) installations is cost‐effective and a viable solution for power demand. Ramanathapuram is one such dry land in southern part of India which is a drought prone coastal district, which has surplus wind and solar energy to be harnessed effectively. However as PV systems are affected by various conditions like position of the sun, change in temperature, and irradiance due to passing clouds, improving the intermittency of solar power is mandatory which calls for an energy storage system, which is an electric vehicle in this article. The foremost idea behind this article is to develop a self‐sustained hybrid microgrid incorporating an electric vehicle in combination with the solar power system which enhances the performance of the system by absorbing the variations in power produced. In this work, the real field data from National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) is used to show the variation in temperature and irradiance. The main objective of the article is sustainable development of the dry land through natural resources which helps in the development of a permanent solution for the existing power crisis in the district. A coordinated control of a PV, Wind, and EV based microgrid is designed by considering the state‐of‐charge (SOC) of the battery to obtain desired outcome. The modeling is done in PSCAD/EMTDC and the results are verified through simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Demand‐side energy management increases the unpredictability and ambiguity of forecasting the load profiles of residential energy management. The energy management accuracy seems to be low by employing a traditional residential energy forecasting algorithm. This research work emphasizes on design and development of computer‐assisted residential energy management by forecasting employing a deep learning algorithm. Hankel matrix is formed using copula function to process the collected automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) load data in the smart grid. From this data processing, model optimization was obtained by the proposed novel pooling‐based deep neural network (PDNN). Moreover, this proposed PDNN avoid overfitting problem in training and testing by increasing AMI data variety and data size. The proposed PDNN is implemented in the TensorFlow platform. Based on real‐time AMI southern grid data onto Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, India testing case studies was carried. Compared to traditional residential energy management techniques the proposed deep learning model outperforms support vector machine by 9.5% and 12.7%, deep belief network by 6.5% and 9.5%, and neural network auto aggressive integral moving average by 20.5% and 8.5% in terms of accuracy of energy forecasting and mean absolute error, respectively. Overall, the obtained results proved the effectiveness of the proposed deep learning algorithm for residential short‐term load forecasting and management over other traditional methods. Highlights: In this research work:Novel pooling‐based deep neural network is applied for residential energy management in a smart grid.The copula fusion theory is adopted to improve the accuracy of load management in a smart grid.Day‐ahead and week‐ahead prediction load on Tamil Nadu Electricity Board dataset in summer and winter season was used to validate the performance of the proposed method with other data‐driven methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A microgrid is a trending small‐scale power system comprising of distributed power generation, power storage, and load. This article presents a brief overview of the microgrid and its operating characteristics. The integration of microgrids with the existing power system has been challenging and requires time to time modifications. To analyze the changing demand, the article discusses the modifications made in IEEE 1547 integration standards. The article recollects and reviews the control strategies of certain microgrid testbeds installed all around the world. A focus has been drawn toward the integration of microgrids in a developing country like India. An overview of the policies followed and the challenges faced to integrate the microgrid in the Indian power industry is presented. The article concludes with the worthy findings for the future aspects of research to improve the overall performance along with the smooth integration of the microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the study on the barriers to the implementation of various electricity efficient technologies. To identify the barriers, field surveys were conducted in the residential, industrial and commercial sectors and professionals in India. The results indicate that lack of awareness, high initial cost, uncertainty of savings and non-availability were some of the major barriers. The barriers were then ranked according to their relative importance in the residential, industrial and commercial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the costs of environmental degradation of energy use is very important for policy analyses on the one hand and the proper management of the environment on the other. In recent years, some attempts have been made in developed countries to estimate certain environmental costs, especially those related to the electricity sector. However, the environmental costs of electricity generation in developing countries can also be quite important. An attempt has been made in this paper to estimate the environmental costs of coal-based thermal power generation in India. It is found that the costs of environmental impacts are small but not insignificant and results are sensitive to assumptions regarding atmospheric conditions and wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]