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Raw materials of six medicinal plant species viz. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC), Acorus calamus (L.), Rauvolfia serpentina (L.), Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth.), Withania somnifera (L.) and Boerhaavia diffusa (L.) procured from herbal drug market were subjected to their mould profile. During mycoflora analysis, 906 fungal isolates were recorded from the raw materials. The least number of fungal isolates (96) were detected from T. arjuna while highest (217) from B. diffusa. The genus Aspergillus was found to be most dominant encountered in all the samples, followed by Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium italicum and Trichoderma viride. The highest percent relative density was recorded in case of Aspergillus flavus (37.19) followed by A. niger (23.84) and C. herbarum (11.81) while the lowest was found in case of A. nidulans (0.55). Some of the A. flavus isolates were toxigenic secreting aflatoxin B1. Highest content of aflatoxin B1 (272.46 µg/kg) was recorded by A. flavus isolated from B. diffusa while least aflatoxin B1 production (194.62 µg/kg) from H. antidysenterica. The survey reveals that the contamination of herbal drugs with storage fungi and mycotoxin is alarming and appropriate quality control measures should be taken urgently.

India is the largest producer of bananas globally, contributing to 27% of the world's banana production. As of 2020, banana production in India was 31.5 million tonnes, which accounts for 26.23% of the world's banana production. The top five countries (China, Indonesia, Brazil, Uganda and Ecuador) account for 53.47 per cent. In 2020, global banana production was expected to reach 120 million tonnes. Also, it's the second-largest produced fruit after citrus, contributing about 16% of the world's total fruit production. Edible bananas are derived from Australimusa and Eumusa series, with different origins from the same genus. Most edible bananas are cultivated mainly for their fruits; thus, banana farms generate several tons of underused by-products and waste. A lot of research has been done to improve the usage of banana by-products. Recycling these agricultural wastes proves to be of great importance as raw materials for other industries. This would prevent an ultimate loss of a vast amount of untapped biomass and environmental issues.

Despite its detrimental health effects, fast food is popular among youth. The goal of this study was to measure nutritional awareness among Banaras Hindu University college students. A random sampling approach was used to choose 100 respondents, and their fast food consumption, eating habits, nutritional awareness, and behavior were evaluated. I conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews as well as a 24-hour recall. Provide information on healthy eating habits, nutritional awareness, the negative effects of fast food, diseases such as obesity, hypertension, CVD, and cancer, as well as depression linked to fast food use, and empower individuals to make healthy eating choices. The findings of this study were based on a nutritional assessment of young people (girls) The BMI (body mass index) is greater (more than 24.9) A considerable percentage of females fall into the overweight category, with one in ten falling into the obese group (BMI of 30 or more), while the remaining 48% fall into the normal range or are borderline overweight. The findings of this study revealed that while the majority of teenagers recognize the value of healthy eating habits, they also increase their consumption of fast food due to a variety of factors including flavor, cost, advertisement, simplicity of serving, and peer group. Three-quarters of college ladies are unaware of the serious negative consequences of eating fast food frequently.

The Golden Rice Project was established to combat vitamin A deficiency worldwide. Rice, as we all know, is a major grain crop grown all over the world. Beta-carotene and vitamin A are not found in white rice. Rice-eating countries have a higher rate of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency has been linked to death in low-income countries in the past. Vitamin A deficiency can contribute to disorders such as night blindness, which can progress to blindness, eye and skin dryness, and maternal mortality. Vitamin A insufficiency affects around 250 million children, according to the World Health Organization. It includes beta-carotene, which is responsible for the golden yellow colour of the grain. Two daffodil genes and one bacterium gene were employed.

Spices form an integral part of our daily diet, medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics and perfumery. Ajowan, black pepper and fennel are extensively used spices in India. Spices are exposed to microbial contamination during pre, post-harvest and storage period. Seed Mycoflora not only deteriorate the quality of spices but also increase the mycotoxin contamination. Tropical countries like India suffer the losses mainly due to storage fungi. The present investigation deals with the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the ajowan, black pepper and fennel. Seed borne fungi was isolated by employing agar plate technique from both unsterilized and surface sterilized test seed samples. Total 26 fungal species were isolated from the test spices. Seven fungal species viz. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvalaria lunta, Mucorsp, Rhizopus nigricans and Penicillium chrysogenum were commonly isolated from all the three spice samples. Aspergillus constitute a dominant storage fungi represented by 9 species.

Sex education is that education, which is imparted to child for providing knowledge regarding sex. Sex education is related to the establishment of healthy attitude among adolescents that may lead to a healthy social life. The aim of study is to assess the effectiveness of child - child approach versus teacher - child approach as a teaching learning method regarding sex education among adolescent girls. A quantitative approach with comparative research design was adopted. By systematic random sampling technique, 120 adolescent girls were selected from two different schools Mohali, 6o adolescent girls for child- child approach method and 60 for teacher- child approach method. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data from adolescent girls in selected schools of Mohali. Analysis of data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study finding shows that the knowledge score of child – child approach adolescent girls had good knowledge score i.e. (83.3%) as compare to knowledge score of teacher – child approach adolescent girls had average knowledge score i.e. (80.0%). The study shows that child- child approach method was more effective than teacher – child approach method.

There is a need to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers for sustaining soil health and to reduce the cost of cultivation and that without compromising the yield of crop. The present study deals with the effect of different biofertilizers along with reduced levels of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers on flower yield and economics of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Syn. Dendranthema grandiflora) variety ‘White Star’. This experiment was carried out during 2019-2020 and was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) under field condition with three replications, using eleven treatments comprising of combinations of three levels of recommended dose of NPK (100% RDF, 80% RDF and 60% RDF) and four biofertilizers (Azotobacter, PSB, KMB and NPK consortia). The results revealed that among various treatments, maximum number of flowers per plant (10.40), number of flowers per plot (82.92) and number of flowers per hectare (11.51 lakh) were recorded in treatment 80% RDF + NPK consortia which was higher compared to the treatment with recommended dose of chemical fertilizers. Maximum gross income (17, 27,499), net income (12, 58,491) and benefit cost ratio (2.68) was obtained in the same treatment.

Export of groundnut and chilli products from India is ever-growing and necessitates continuous safety assessment. This study aimed to assay aflatoxin (AFs) contamination from the export quality groundnut and chilli produce using a UHPLC method. Categorized as branded, non-branded and cold storage samples were collected from retail shops and open markets of the Raichur region of South India. As a separate aim, we validated the method for AFB1 in both the groundnut and chilli matrices for linearity (0.993, 0.999), LOD (0.5 & 0.5µgkg-1), LOQ (5.0 & 2.0µgkg-1), recovery (90.66 per cent & 113.33 per cent), robustness (93.33 per cent & 112.66 per cent) and per cent residual (8.48 & 112.66) respectively. Standard linearity generated was in the range of 5- 50.0 ηgg-1 in groundnut and 0.5-10ηgg-1 in chilli matrix. Sixty-five per cent of the total chilli samples collected were infected by Aspergillus spp. and one sample showed AFB1 above the regulatory limit. The levels of AFB1 and total AFs in the contaminated dried chillies from branded, unbranded, cold storage and Radiofrequency treated were in the range of 1.895-29.653µgkg-1, 4.747-6.972µgkg-1, and 7.23-13.17µgkg-1, respectively. In contrast to chilli samples, seventeen per cent of the branded groundnut samples showed an AFB1 concentration of13.59µgkg-1. This study showed that the cold storage chilli and groundnut were aflatoxin-free and thereby safe compared to the branded and non branded samples.

Tomato is an important plant grown in tropics as a perennial plant and in other areas mostly as annual plant. Tomato plant grows upto an height of 9 feet. The flowers are small, yellow and have five lobes on corolla. The fruit colour is green when unripe and red when it is fully ripe. Fruit is low in calorie and rich in vitamins and minerals. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance were assessed in thirty five genotypes of tomato at Departmental Research Farm of Vegetable Science, UHF, Solan, HP during kharif season, 2016. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study. The PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation) and GCV (Genotypic coefficient of variation) were higher for fruits per cluster (49.66 % and 49.50 %), fruits per plant (46.28 % and 46.11 %), yield per plant (38.13 % and 38.04 %) and average fruit weight (30.39 % and 30.29 %). High GCV and PCV provide the possibility of improving and fixing the characters through selection breeding. High heritability along with high estimates of genetic gain were observed for number of fruits per cluster (99.33 % and 101.63 %), number of fruits per plant (99.28 % and 94.66 %), fruit yield per plant (99.52 % and 78.18 %) and average fruit weight (99.35% and 62.19 %). High heritability and genetic gain suggest the possibility of improvement of traits by means of selection due to existence of additive gene effect. Selection for these above characters will be fruitful in improving fruit yield in tomato.

This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallo betalactamase (MBL) in Acinetobacter species. It was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sardar Patel Medical college, Bikaner from Feb 2018 to Feb.2019. in various clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, vaginal swabs, respiratory samples, and various body fluids were processed Acinetobacter species isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to check ESBL and MBL production in these bacteria. Maximum ESBL and MBL positive isolates of Acinetobacter species were observed among E.T. tube samples. Early detection, stringent antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against this organisms.

Vegetables are defined as the fresh parts of plants that provide suitable nutrition for humans, raw, cooked, canned, or processed in some other way. Brinjal is a commonly grown economically valuable crop, is an important solanaceous crop in India is a high genotypic diversity. In this study of variability and correlation of nutrient, biochemical parameters, and yield traits of diverse brinjal genotypes. Brinjal is a Wide variability was present among all the nutrients under study suggesting ample scope of selection. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was high in most of the characters except moisture content, radical scavenging activity, and yield/plant. High heritability was observed for iron (99.70 %), copper (99.01 %), total anthocyanin (99.12 %), total phenol (98.59 %), total chlorophyll content (92.61 %), average fruit weight (98.82 %), number of fruits/plant (97.86), suggesting that selection for these traits would be effective for the selection. Correlation study shows that Moisture, P, Ca, TSS, total chlorophyll, fruit length, fruit girth, and a number of fruits per plant showed high significant positive correlation and Fe and Zn significant negative correlation with yield per plant at the genotypic level. This study shows that sufficient variability exists in all the cultivars for nutrients, biochemical parameters, and yield traits.

The present study was conducted to work out the trends in area, production and productivity of capsicum in the H.P. and Solan during 1995-96 to 2015-16. The area under capsicum production in H.P. and Solan was found increasing with a significant growth rate of 6 per cent and 7.90 per cent per annum. The production of capsicum has shown fluctuations with a per annum significant growth rate of 10.30 per cent in H.P and 15 per cent in Solan. Productivity is increasing at a per annum significant rate of 4.30 per cent in H.P and 7.20 per cent in Solan.