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Endoglin (CD105) is a proliferation-associated cell membrane antigen of endothelial cells and strongly expressed in the angiogenic vasculature of solid tumors. Endoglin is essential for angiogenesis/vascular development and an ancillary transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor. Certain anti-endoglin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), termed SN6 series mAbs, inhibited angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis in mice. We investigated the mechanisms by which anti-endoglin mAbs suppress growth of proliferating endothelial cells. We found that 4 SN6 series mAbs suppressed growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of any effector cells or complement. Significant differences in the growth suppression between the 4 anti-endoglin mAbs defining different epitopes were observed. These differences were not determined by antigen-binding avidities of the mAbs. Combination of TGF-beta1 and each of the 4 anti-endoglin mAbs exerted synergistic growth suppression of HUVECs. Binding of anti-endoglin mAbs to endoglin-expressing cells did not block the subsequent binding of TGF-beta1. Conversely, preincubation of HUVECs with TGF-beta1 did not change cell surface expression of endoglin. The present results suggest that direct suppression of the endothelial cell growth by SN6 series mAbs is one of the underlying mechanisms by which anti-endoglin mAbs exert antiangiogenic and tumor-suppressive activity in vivo. The results further suggest that TGF-beta1 plays an important role in the in vivo antiangiogenic efficacy of anti-endoglin mAbs by synergistically enhancing the activity of these mAbs. Further studies of the present novel findings may provide valuable information about the functional roles of endoglin and anti-endoglin mAbs in the TGF-beta-mediated cell regulation., (Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)