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Existing therapies yield low drug encapsulation or accumulation in the lungs, hence the site-specific drug delivery remains the challenge for tuberculosis. Lately, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are showing promising drug deposition in the deeper lung tissues. Biocompatible polymers with the ability to naturally recognize and bind to the surface receptors of alveolar macrophages, the reservoir of the causative organism, were selected. DPIs comprised of chitosan (CS)/thiolated chitosan (TC) in conjugation with Hyaluronic acid (HA) were synthesized loaded with isoniazid (INH) by using the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. Nanosuspensions were prepared by ionic gelation method using cross-linker, sodium-tripolyphosphate (TPP) and were optimized by using Box-Behnken 3-level screening design and later freeze-dried to obtain nanopowders. Physico-chemical compatibility of nanoplex systems was investigated using in-vitro characterization techniques. In-vitro release and permeation studies were correlated in terms of the pattern of drug content dissolved over time. In addition, the cytotoxicity studies on A549 cells demonstrated the safety profile of the nanoplexes. Moreover, in-silico studies and aerodynamic profiles verify the suitability of DPIs for further in-vivo tuberculosis therapeutics. DoE analyses affirmed the lack of linearity in the model for the certain response of studied parameters in a holistic way, which was not possible else ways.

The two types ofncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are responsible for several biological processes within cells, such as the immune responses, cell growth and invasion, and regulation of the cell cycle. Rapidly expanding class of ncRNAs, lncRNAsinteract with other molecules to form chromatin-remodeling complexes. These potential hallmarks of diseases contribute to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of several genes, possibly via cross-talk with other RNAs. Aberrant expression of lncRNAshas drawn increasing attention to the pathophysiology of different diseases, includingcancer and cardiovasculardiseases. Unfortunately, circulating lncRNAs are presented in the bloodstream at very low levels, making sensitive detection difficult. Currently, there are few methods for detecting these ncRNAs from which quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most routinely used technique. These techniqueslack sensitivity for intracellular detection of lncRNAs. Moreover, they are tedious and require a large sample size. Currently, nanotechnology has taken over the diagnostic field because of the tunable properties and modification opportunities. Furthermore, these conventional techniques can be merged with nanotechnology to improve detection sensitivity.This review highlights some of the most recent findings on nanotechnology-based methods and possible obstacles intheir application for moreaccurate sensing of lncRNAs.