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Fennel seeds were recognized as a promising polyphenol oxidase (PPO) source upon investigating some edible green plants (carob, jujube, coriander, fennel, and licorice). The fennel PPO enzyme was purified by three-phase partitioning and biochemically characterized in detail for the first time. The purification fold and activity recovery values were determined as 20-fold and 120%, respectively. Its molecular weight was 27.8 kDa. The temperature for the selected substrates (catechol, 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, and pyrogallol) was 30 °C, while the optimum pH value varied from 5.0 to 7.0 depending on the substrate. The k cat /Km values exhibited that the enzyme presented the best activity towards catechol among the substrates used. Sodium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, l-cysteine, thiourea, β-mercaptoethanol, and glutathione prominently inhibited PPO activity. A remarkable decrease in PPO activity was observed at elevated concentrations of organic solvents, but in cases of the solvents with polarity indexes ≥5.1, the residual activity maintained more than 75% of its original activity up to 10% (v/v). Consequently, the current study suggested that fennel seeds could be used in various industrial sectors to produce low-cost polyphenol oxidase enzymes with an agricultural origin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Catechol oxidase (PPO) was extracted and purified from Tadela (Phoenix dactylifera L.) date fruit, by a procedure that included (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation followed by dialysis, Q-Sepharose bb ion-exchange chromatography and HPLC gel filtration chromatography. Some of its biochemical characteristics were studied. The purification rate and the yield were 80% and 20%, respectively. The Tadela date fruit catechol oxidase exhibited a molecular weight of 90 kDa using SDS-PAGE. The catechol oxidase showed only o‑diphenolase and triphenolase activities while no monophenolase activity was detected. A better affinity was observed using catechol as substrate (Km = 35 mM) with thus, a higher Vmax/Km ratio (80 U/mM·mL). This enzyme is thermostable in the temperature range (30-60 °C) with optimum activity in acidic range of pH. Four inhibitors were used for the control of enzymatic browning, of which sodium metabisulfite was the most potent (IC 50  = 0, 11 mM). The values of K I and mechanism of inhibition were also determined. No significant change on enzyme activity was noticed in the presence of metal ion and detergents. Therefore, thermal inactivation was studied in the temperature range between 60 and 80 °C using catechol as substrate. Their kinetic (K, D, t 1/2 , Zt, Ea) and thermodynamic (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS) parameters were also estimated., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Peroxidase (POD) from jackfruit bulb was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration columns. The POD was a dimer with a molecular weight of 104kDa. The K m and V max values for guaiacol, gallic acid and o‑phenylenediamine (OPD) were estimated. OPD was the most suitable substrate. The enzyme showed its maximum activity at pH5.5 and 55-60°C. The activation energy (E a ) of heat inactivation was estimated to be 206.40kJ/mol. The enthalpy, free energy and entropy values for the thermal inactivation were also determined. The POD activity was enhanced by K + , Zn 2+ , Ba 2+ , citric acid, malic acid, benzoic acid and EDTA·Na 2 , but inhibited by Cu 2+ , Ca 2+ , glutathione, cysteine and ascorbic acid. Chemical modification indicated a histidine residue was located in the enzyme active site. The POD activity in fruit extracts significantly decreased when heated at 80°C and 90°C. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power, ABTS radical scavenging activity and total phenolics decreased with increasing heating temperature and time., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, pear polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was purified, immobilized and applied for the synthesis of theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3). Firstly, PPO of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd cv. Huangguan) was purified 24.36-fold in specific activity with a recovery of 6.77% by sequential use of precipitation with 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and chromatography of DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. The purified pear PPO, found to be a dimer of identical subunits of molecular mass 35kDa, was then successfully immobilized onto Fe 3 O 4 /chitosan nanoparticles via glutaraldehyde coupling reaction. Finally, TF3 was effectively synthesized by applying the immobilized PPO as biocatalyst with epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) as substrates, and the maximum yield of TF3 was 42.23% based on the amount of ECG added. In addition, the immobilized enzyme still remained 85% of its initial ability after successive usage of 8 cycles and could be stored for 30days with less loss of activity. All the results suggest that the developed procedure is quite useful and has great potential for synthesis of TF3 and other theaflavins., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study a Polyphenol oxidase from borage plant was purified with 3.59-fold enrichment in the specific activity and 68.75% recovery of the total activity by using three-phase partitioning purification technique for the first time. Its molecular weight was found around 80kDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature values of the enzyme for the used four substrates ranged between the pH 5.0-7.5 and 5-30°C. The kcat/K m values showed that the enzyme has the greatest reactivity toward caffeic acid among the substrates used. Ascorbic acid, l-cysteine and sodium metabisulfite markedly inhibited borage polyphenol oxidase activity., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)