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This study developed active packaging films of Polylactic acid incorporated with the plant-based essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, T. ammi and Vanilla to package waffles, where the antimicrobial property was provided by T. ammi and its odor was masked by vanilla essential oil. Compared to conventional solvent-cast films of smaller sizes requiring a huge amount of solvents, bigger-size PLA-oil films with lower solvent demand were prepared by tape casting technique with 10, 30, and 50 wt% essential oil blends. Films were studied for their morphological, chemical, mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties. The presence and time-bound release of volatile oils from the films was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, with a continuous decrease of oils from the films till day 30. The plasticizing effect of oils in films was evidenced by decreased tensile strength and crystallinity. In contrast, an increase in elongation at break and water vapor permeability of oil films were also measured. Finally, when packed in PLA films containing 50 wt% blend of both oils, waffles shelf-life extended up to 30 days compared to 2 days for the neat PLA film, where Vanilla was found effective in masking the unpleasant odor of T.ammi as confirmed by sensory analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

3D multifunctional scaffold has been designed based on Cs/SA/NS/NPHA. Nanoparticles hydroxyapatite (NPHA) was prepared via precipitation method of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in presence calcium chloride. Different ratios of Chitosan (CS)/Sodium Alginate (SA) were used to prepare Cs/SA scaffolds in presence of CaCl 2 as a cross linker. NPHA was incorporated in CS/SA scaffold and neomycin sulfate (NS) was added as an antimicrobial agent. The structure and surface morphology of the scaffolds were investigated via infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Additionally, Antimicrobial activity of the scaffold has evaluated against Gram- negative and Gram- positive bacteria. The result showed promising antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against MG63 osteosarcoma cell and fibroblast normal cell line has investigated. The result showed anti-proliferative against MG63. DFT calculations and molecular docking were used to study the reactivity of the compounds. The results exhibited that Cs/SA/NS/NPHA is potent expected to be used in bone tissue regeneration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares that there is no conflict to interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, novel Cu-complexes of heterocyclic cellulose which were synthesized via the reaction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from bagasse pulp with NH 2 NH 2 to give hydrazide cellulose which easily reacted with CS 2 to form salt and then cyclized in the presence of HCl to afford cellulose oxadiazole, or with hydrazine hydrate to give cellulose triazole. Furthermore, the cellulose oxadiazole and triazole moieties acting as chelating agents with metal ion Cu (II), and all synthesized compounds were examined for their spectral analysis to show the adsorption of Cu (II) on the surface of cellulose through intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Results illustrated that cellulose oxadiazole and Cu- cellulose oxadiazole exhibited antimicrobial activities more than triazole and Cu- cellulose triazole. Furthermore, anticancer results showed that both cellulose oxadiazole and triazole exhibited activity higher than Cu-cellulose oxadiazole and Cu-cellulose triazole, where the cellulose triazole showed the highest activity (IC50 = 58.7 μg/μL). Additionally, the docking simulation of the synthesized cellulose complexes with different proteins such as PDBID:3t88, PDBID:4ynt, PDBID:1tgh, PDBID:2wje, and PDBID:4hdq and shortage bond length to confirm the experimental results. Optimization of metal complexes utilized the DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ basis set to confirm the stability of these metals theoretically and their physical descriptors and FMO analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Acacia catechu contains polyphenolic compounds such as catechin and tannins, which exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that have the potential to be used in food packaging applications. In this study, chitosan-based (CH) antioxidant films were developed with the incorporation of calcium carbonate (CC) and Acacia catechu (CT). The films were fabricated by the solvent-casting method, and the effects of the different concentrations of Acacia catechu were analyzed. The physicomechanical, antioxidant, and UV shielding properties of the films were determined. The addition of Acacia catechu and calcium carbonate has significantly increased the tensile from 2.30 MPa to 4.95 MPa, respectively, for neat CH and CH/CC/CT-4 film. At the same time, there is a reduction in the elongation at break from 26.75 % in neat CH film to 12.11 % in CH/CC/CT-4 film. The CH/CC/CT-4 film has shown the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 0.440 mg Trolox/g dried weight of the film and 2,2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 93.05 %. The UV transmittance of CH/CC/CT-4 film was 0.46 %, the lowest compared to the rest of the fabricated films. These active properties depict that CH/CC/CT-4 film has the potential to be utilized for the packaging of light and oxygen-sensitive food products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To improve the antimicrobial ability of MoS 2 -containing films, we used lignin and triple-frequency ultrasound for liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) to obtain MoS 2 nanosheets. Photoresponsive antimicrobial films with MoS 2 nanosheets, lignin, polyvinyl alcohol and deep eutectic solvents were subsequently prepared. Lignin functionalized the MoS 2 nanosheets by chemically linking with S in MoS 2 and significantly improved the exfoliation efficiency. Tri-frequency ultrasound produces beneficial effects on the LPE process by creating a more homogeneous sound field and a stronger degree of cavitation. The concentration of MoS 2 nanosheets in the exfoliating solution could reach 1.713 mg/mL under the effect of lignin-ultrasound. The antimicrobial ability of the films was analyzed, and the colony-forming units of E. coli and S. aureus could be reduced from 7 × 10 6 to 1 × 10 6  cfu/mL under the irradiation of infrared. The lignin in the film undergoes depolymerization and demethoxylation under the irradiation of infrared to have a more phenolic hydroxyl structure, which confers the growth inhibition ability of the films for bacteria that cannot be in close contact with the film. The method we used has some significance for the preparation of MoS 2 nanosheets, and composite films prepared from MoS 2, and lignin can be used in food packaging, wound antimicrobials, and other fields., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Active packing systems employed to preserve food quality have gone through chains of sustainable development processes, reflecting the growth in consumer awareness of high-quality foods in eco-friendly packaging. Consequently, this study aims to develop antioxidant, antimicrobial, UV-shielding, pH-sensitive, edible, and flexible films from composites of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), pomegranate anthocyanin extract (PAE), and various fractions (1-15 %) of bacterial cellulose from the Kombucha SCOBY (BC Kombucha). Various analytical tools such as ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and TEM were utilized to investigate the physicochemical characterization of BC Kombucha and CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha films. The DDPH scavenging test demonstrated the efficiency of PAE as a matrix with potent antioxidant properties, both as a solution and enclosed in composite films. The fabricated films of CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha showed antimicrobial activities against many pathogenic Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, and Candida albicans, ranging from a 20 to 30 mm inhibition zone. The CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha nanocomposite has additionally been utilized to pack red grapes and plums. The results illustrated that CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha nanocomposite can increase red grapes and plums' shelf lives by up to 25 days while maintaining the fruits' quality better than those left unpacked., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Biodegradable materials with antibacterial properties are highly promising. A novel antimicrobial nanocellulose (ECP) was synthesized in one-step by enzyme-catalyzed method to improve the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB-co-HV)]. The biodegradable nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending and the performance analysis results show that the nanocomposites display enhanced mechanical performances and antibacterial activities. Compared with the neat P(HB-co-HV), the P(HB-co-HV) doped with 0.5 wt%-ECP shows the highest mechanical properties with yield strength/elongation at break of 29.3 MPa, 7.63 %, respectively, an increase of 38 %/59 %, and a clear inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of approximately 3.0 mm. As a heterogeneous nucleation agent, ECP optimizes nucleation, and the interfacial interaction between phenol group and matrix promotes the compatibility and dispersion of ECP, resulting in superior mechanical properties of ECP-based composites. The P(HB-co-HV)/ECP nanocomposites have great potential in biomedical materials especially for the bone defect filling material., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hemicellulose and its derivatives have attracted extensive attention as packaging materials and various methods have been utilized to improve its film formation properties. To make use of the byproduct in dissolving pulp production, hemicellulose collected from waste water was modified by carboxymethylation and blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare composite film by solution casting method. Potassium cinnamate (PC) was further incorporated to endow the film with antibacterial activity. The properties of the composite films were characterized. Due to the good compatibility and intermolecular interactions, the composite film exhibited moderate oxygen barrier property (3.64-12.21 cm 3  μm m -2 d -1  KPa -1 ). The flexibility of the film was improved compared with pure PVA film although tensile strength was decreased. The film had good UV barrier properties and good antibacterial properties due to the introduction of PC. GAB model could be used to predict moisture sorption of the composite films. Moreover, the obtained film showed good performance in cherry tomato preservation. This work provided a prospective route for utilization of hemicellulose recovered from waste water for high value-added products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Gelatine is an excellent substitute for biodegradable packaging materials; nevertheless, it is necessary to mix it with other polymers due to its poor mechanical and high hydrophilicity. In the present study, we used Cylindropuntia fulgida mucilage (CF) as main constituent and gelatine (GTN). The Euphorbia caducifolia extract (ECE) was incorporated in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 %, and its influence on the film's morphological, thermal, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties was assessed. The surface of fabricated CF/GTN/ECE biocomposite films was more homogeneous and smoother with the high concentration of in ECE. The elongation at break improved from 2 to 60.59 %, and WVP enhanced from 3.34 to 2.59 10 -4  g mm/mm 2  day kPa and highest antimicrobial activity of 3.62 ± 0.71 Log CFU g -1 when CF/GTN was incorporated with 20 % ECE. Incorporating CF and ECE 10 to 20 % makes these films a good substitute for the packaging of food products., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this present work, a new design for antimicrobial wound bandages is presented. The wound dressings were prepared using cotton fibers reinforced with elastic compression straps and secured with a polyester fabric of tight mesh size. The cotton pads were doped with a wound healing biocomposite, composed of chitosan, glycogen, and ZnO nanoparticles (CG@ZnONPs) previously formulated through a green process. The size of ZnONPs in the prepared CG@ZnONPs was 30-80 nm. The cotton pads impregnated with the CG@ZnONPs nanocomposite were characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDX, TGA, and DTGA methods. Moreover, the prepared dressings were tested on a number of intentionally injured rats. In this experiment, the % contraction of the treated wounds was monitored and compared to that of a control group of wounded rats, to which only sterile gauzes were applied. The results showed a much faster and an almost complete healing of rats treated with the synthesized dressings and the results were further confirmed by histopathological examination. The dressings were also found to exert a significant antimicrobial activity against a number of pathogenic microorganisms, generally encountered in common wounds, and could therefore be recommended to be a novel biomedical application for a fast, successful, and flawless wounds healing process., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to develop a plasticized starch (PS) based film loaded with chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) as a reinforcing and antibacterial agent. We examined the morphology, biodegradability, mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and barrier properties of the PS/CNPs films. The antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria was investigated by colony forming unit (CFU) and disc diffusion methods. A dense structure was obtained for all PS/CNPs films and, thus, their complete biodegradation occurred in more days than neat PS. The increase in the CNPs percentage led to improved mechanical behaviour and barrier properties. PS-CNPs composite films revealed inhibition zones against both E. coli and S. aureus, with the 100% reduction in CFU against S. aureus. The current study exhibited that PS-CNPs films were more effective in inhibiting bacteria growth than neat PS film, confirming the composite films potential application as antimicrobial food packaging., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study deals with novel synthesizing method of TEMPO oxidized cellulose (extracted from bagasse) (TOC) amino acids (l-phenyl alanine (Phe) and l-tryptophan (Trp)) nano-composites as potential antimicrobial biocompatible agents. The produced nanocomposites were characterized via Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA and DTGA), scanning electron microscope(SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) which approved that the synthesis of composites in nano-scale in spherical shape with average particle size 72 and 44.37 nm for l-phenylalanine composite (Phe-TOC) and l-tryptophan composite (Trp-TOC) respectively. The antimicrobial studies were carried out on (i) Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (NCTC-10416) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCID-9016); (ii) Gram-positive bacteria: Streptococcus aurous (NCTC-7447) and Bacillus subtilis (NCID-3610); (iii) unicellular fungi: namely, Candida albicans (NCCLS 11). The results were cleared that the both composites have high effective, rapid and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The Trp-TOC showed slightly higher antimicrobial activity than Phe-TOC especially in time required of killing performance. The Phe-TOC has required 20 h for killing all microbial population while Trp-TOC required only 12 h. The MIC values were close in both nanocomposites with high clear zone measurements in the same concentration in the case of Trp-TOC., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Despite the advantages of bacterial cellulose (BC) over traditional cellulose, its low yield and little bioactivity makes a limitation to be used in an industrial scale. This paper was mainly dual aimed to increase the BC yield using a nanobioactive glass (NBG), and in situ synthesize BC/NBG bioactive nanocomposites by a novel and simple green method. Accordingly, the composites were prepared via in situ fermentation approach by incorporation of NBG particles into BC producing culture medium. The effect of NBG addition on the production process of cellulose, biocompatibility, bioactivity and antimicrobial activity were investigated. The results showed that NBG was enhanced and increased the BC yield and this has been achieved by maintaining these NBG on the pH value of the culture medium during the fermentation period. Moreover, it was effectively improved biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of BC. This study evidenced that BC/NBG composite can be expected to be widely applied in biomedical industries such as bone regeneration and wound healing with the unique of being not harmful to humans., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A facile and green route is introduced to fabricate antimicrobial composite films in this article from xylan (XL) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with citric acid (CA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as crosslinker and plasticizer, respectively. XL was obtained by precipitating wood hydrolysate (WH) produced during pulping process with ethanol. Antimicrobial activity was constructed by incorporating β-cyclodextrin/sodium benzoate (β-CD/NaBz) complex into the composite matrix. The interactions, including hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, between the polymers were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Morphology and crystallinity of composite films at different curing time were investigated by AFM and XRD, respectively. The composite film cured for 40 min exhibits tensile strength up to 62.3 MPa and oxygen permeability (OP) as low as 1.0 cm 3 ·μm m -2 ·d -1 ·kPa -1 . Finally, the antimicrobial test against Staphylococcus aureus reveals superior antimicrobial activity of composite films with complex. In conclusion, the XL/HEC antimicrobial film has great potential in the field of sustainable food packing materials., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nowadays the using of eco-systems to synthesize new materials is the promising issue. In this work, new eco-synthesis method was developed to prepare antimicrobial cellulosic-amino acid base ligand and complexes with copper. The complex was characterized via different instrumental analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)) as well as two antimicrobial screening tools (minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and time required for killing). The UV-vis spectroscopic data indicates the metal to-ligand charge transfer transitions which is consistent with square planar geometry. DLS and SEM approved that the complex particles are in nano-size. Prepared complex appeared highly antimicrobial activity against all tested microbial organisms which can be described as broad spectrum antimicrobial agent. Rapid killing kinetics was beneficial in helping to resolve an infection more rapidly., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work regenerated cellulose was prepared by phosphoric acid as a primarily step in preparation of biodegradable foam. Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) were embedded onto the cellulosic suspensions followed by freeze drying process. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of individual chunky regenerated cellulose fibers in the dimensions of micro that enhanced tendency to aggregate during drying. X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that, the treatment of cellulose with concentrated phosphoric acid led to defibrated cellulose with lower crystallinity index than original cellulose fibers. The study provided insights about the influence of the Cu-NPs on the structure, thermal stability and the electrical contributions of the considered cellulose-based foam. The electrical and dielectric properties were studied by means of the broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The dielectric spectra were dominated by an anomalous behavior of the permittivity as illustrated versus frequency of the investigated samples. The real part of conductivity follows the universal power law at higher frequencies. The foam loaded Cu-NPs exhibit biodegradability and highly efficient antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, phosphorylated nanocellulose (P-NC) has been prepared from date palm sheath fibers by a solvent-free acid hydrolysis procedure. Eighteen different treatment procedures were employed for the composite treatment of jute fabric. Different fractions of phosphorylated nanocellulose (1-4%) and chitosan (0.5-2%) were used to examine the effects of treatment procedures on the resulting jute fabric composites. Weight uptake, phosphorus content and tensile properties of the treated jute fabrics have been reported. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis were used to gain insight into the mechanism of interaction between jute fabric, CS macromolecules, and P-NCs. In addition, the development of antimicrobial and thermal stability properties on jute fabric has been investigated., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The cellulose-based antimicrobial hydrogel was prepared from seed and husk cellulosic fibers of olive industry residues by load silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto grafted acrylamide monomer (Am) cellulosic fibers. The grafting approach was the free radical mechanism by utilizing ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator in aqueous medium and N,N methylene bisacrylamide (MBAm) as a cross linker. The effect of different grafting conditions on the properties of produced hydrogels has been studied by determining the grafting parameters, i.e. concentration of Am, MBAm, grafting time and temperature to optimize grafting yield (G %), grafting efficiency (GE %), and swelling %. Characterizations of the obtained hydrogels were performed through monitoring swelling behavior, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. AgNPs were grown into the prepared hydrogel. Hydrogel/AgNPs were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrogel loaded AgNPs exhibit high efficient antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)