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Presents an analysis of the relationship between third language reading comprehension and its constituent skills for bilingual Dutch students for whom English is a third language (L3), compared to monolingual Dutch students for whom English is a second language (L2). (Author/VWL)

Looks at the general effects of bilingualism on cognitive development and highlights the specific effects of bilingualism on third language acquisition. Examines effects of bilingualism on cognitive development, metalinguistic awareness, and communicative skills, then focuses on the specific effects of bilingualism on third language proficiency by discussing the results of research conducted in different settings and contexts. (Author/VWL)

Reports a study carried out on bilingual adolescents in a school in the Basque Country in which the language of instruction is Basque. Spanish and English are taught starting in Grade 3. Results show that all students are highly competent in Basque and Spanish, but students who use Basque in more domains get the best scores in English. (Author/VWL)

Examines the role of bilingualism in third language use. Aims to ascertain the effect of bilingualism in third language learners' pragmatic production and metapragmatic awareness with a focus on request acts linguistic formulations. (Author/VWL)

Examines onset, atrophy, and possible interaction of a set of patterns in the speech of a child acquiring French and English. Examines how data bear on the question of whether the bilingual child has two distinct production phonologies from the earliest stage. Tests recent claims consonant harmony patterns. (Author/VWL)

Discusses the modeling hypothesis, in which bilingual children's rates of code mixing are related to rates of mixing in the input addressed to them, and the assumption that children are sensitive to code mixing in the input and can adjust their own rates in accordance with the input. Reports a study of six bilingual toddlers recorded during play sessions with an assistant who engaged in code mixing. (Author/VWL)

Characterizes the perception of stylistic nuances of lexical items in both Swedish and Finnish among members of the Sweden Finnish minority in Sweden, with special emphasis on Swedish. Results are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate on immigrants and integration, and suggest a more similar language use may indicate a higher degree of integration. (Author/VWL)

Shows the interaction of the global and the local aspects of British Caribbean identities in talk. By viewing identities as texts of social practice that are constructed and displayed both through topic and stylistic changes, shows the possibility for reading speakers' identities in and through talk. (Author/VWL)

Describes one child's varied use of two languages, English and German, as she interacts with her adult caregivers during play. Two broad questions were used to guide the study: (1) What kinds of activity are the child and her adult interlocutors involved in? How does the child use her two languages to constitute her involvement in play? (Author/VWL)

Analyzes foreign language anxiety in the French as a second language and English as a third language speech production of 100 Flemish students. Findings suggest that foreign language anxiety is not a stable personality trait among experienced language learners. Societal as well as the individual contexts were found to determine levels of communicative anxiety. (Author/VWL)

Argues that differences at the level of the categories of language alternation as they are observed in the literature are not mere terminological differences, but rather reflect theoretical and methodological differences. Adopts a praxis view of language, arguing that the notion of code and that of language are not necessarily equivalent. (Author/VWL)

Twelve university students were asked not to speak English for one day; record examples of English words they wanted to use, write a reflective diary; and discuss their experiences in a group interview. Data include diary entries in English and a transcription of the interview conducted in Cantonese-English mixed code. All students experienced communication problems and felt inconvenienced by not being able to express their ideas using English. (Author/VWL)

In a cross sectional study, monolingual and bilingual children, aged 27 and 35 months were presented with two novel labels for the same object, a violation of the mutual exclusivity principle within a language. They were then tested on their comprehension of the two labels. Results indicated that across both language groups, older children honored mutual exclusivity more than younger children. (Author/VWL)

Discusses the brain mechanisms mediating the switching of languages in bilingual subjects. To ascertain the brain mechanisms mediating the control of language switching, switching was examined in a bilingual patient with frontal lobe damage and impaired control processes. (Author/VWL)

Provides that in bilingual conversation, the unmarked choice can be identified via a frequency-based criterion. Data come from a Malawian family temporarily living in the United States. Both parents and children engage in code switching, but how the two languages are employed and their frequency within the overall codeswitching pattern shows that for the parents, English is marked, while for children, Chichewa is marked. (Author/VWL)

Highlights methodological issues that impact phonetic-phonological data collection and interpretation in studies of early language differentiation. Issues include language context, bilingual versus monolingual mode, and adult listening bias. Presents data from two bilingual children, aged 4 and 2, learning Japanese and English. (Author/VWL)

Looked at the acquisition of English and the loss of Chinese by a child adopted from China into an English-speaking Canadian family at the age of 17 months. The child's production and comprehension of Chinese were observed from 4 weeks after her arrival. Both acquisition of Chinese and loss of English were remarkably fast. Data suggest that the child's language acquisition was founded on already established social and communicative processes. (Author/VWL)

Examines vowel systems of German-Spanish bilingual children to determine whether there is interaction between the two language systems. Given the differences in the vowel systems, which point to a more marked system in the case of German, two predictions are considered: 1) bilingual children will acquire the vowel length contrast in their German productions later than monolingual German-speaking children; 2) bilingual children will acquire Spanish vowels similarly to monolingual children. (Author/VWL)

Reports an analysis of /l/ production by English-Arabic bilingual children. Addresses the question of whether the bilingual develops one phonological system or two by calling for a refinement of the notion of system using insights from recent phonetic and sociolinguistic work on variability in speech. English-Arabic bilinguals were studied. (Author/VWL)

Research has shown that intersentential code switching is related to conversational structure. This article argues that insertion can be explained in these terms as well. Draws on Halliday's and Hasan's (1976) notion of cohesive tie, claims that insertions are a consequence of the bilingual speaker's attempt to create coherence between utterances in different languages. (Author/VWL)

Addresses bilingual phonological development in the prosodic field, by studying the transition from a single metrical foot to the production of one foot preceded by an unstressed syllable or to the production of two consecutive feet. Uses monolingual data to form a baseline comparison with the bilingual data Establishment of two different constraint hierarchies for the two languages studied, German and Spanish. (Author/VWL)

Addresses the issue of whether bilingual children begin phonological acquisition with one phonological system or two. Five hypotheses are suggested for the possible structure of the bilingual child's phonological system. Analyses from a longitudinal study of a Farsi-English bilingual infant supported the hypothesis that the child had acquired two separate phonologies with mutual influence. (Author/VWL)

Argues that the question of whether bilinguals initially have one or two phonetic systems is out of place, because before the child develops a fairly substantial vocabulary of about 100 words, there is no system at all. This is supported by analyses of early word patterns drawn from three bilingual children. (Author/VWL)

Presents findings of a study of Bangladeshi women's relations with their children's school in Birmingham in the United Kingdom, and the ways in which languages and literacies are regarded as thresholds of power between the minority-culture women and the dominant-culture institution. Mothers of 6-year-old children were interviewed about their children's learning, attempts to support this learning, and communications with the school about this process. (Author/VWL)

Focuses on one linguistic minority--contemporary American writers for whom English is a second language. Examines ways in which these writers position and reposition themselves with regard to their multiple languages and identities in autobiographic narratives. (Author/VWL)

Examines the way Italian-Canadian youth negotiate their identities through their language practices. Views identity as multiple and shifting and shows how eight Italian-Canadian youths in Toronto lean on different aspects of their identities through their daily linguistic and cultural practices across and within multiple worlds. (Author/VWL)

Introduces this special issue of the journal, which focuses on negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. The articles discuss various aspects of negotiation of identities by linguistic minority speakers. (Author/VWL)

Investigates the effect of bilingualism (Greek/Australian English) on speakers' ability to perceive unfamiliar speech contrasts (in this case Thai) and whether speakers' speech productions bear any relationship to their speech perception. Results suggest that bilinguals who exaggerate the voicing differences between sounds when speaking, best perceive these differences when listening. (Author/VWL)

This study is based on bilingual conversations collected in two bilingual settings--service encounters in Barcelona and ordinary informal conversations among bilingual Rwandese in Belgium. Raises the question of whether the concept of language is a useful one in accounting for language choice acts among bilingual speakers. (Author/VWL)

Examines two phenomena of language alternation in biographic narrations in Yiddish and Low German, based on spoken language data recorded between 1988-1995. The first is a narrative strategy referred to as token codeswitching; the second has to do with directing procedures, carried out by the speaker and aimed at guiding and supporting the hearer's attention at crucial points in the interaction. (Author/VWL)

Studies intrasentential codeswitching (CS) phenomena at two levels of abstraction: the level of lexical-conceptual structure and the level of predicate-argument structure. Argues that lemma congruence checking between languages involved in intrasentential CS at these two levels is a fundamental organizing principle governing intrasentential CS constructions. (Author/VWL)

Discusses the relationship between bilingualism and gender within a feminist poststructuralist framework. Suggests that all language contact phenomena, including bilingualism, acquire different meanings in different contexts and can be linked to gender only indirectly. (Author/VWL)

Explores concepts behind measuring representation of bilingual children in speech and language therapy (SLT), with relevance to other services, and discusses practicalities.Interviews were conducted with speech and language therapists or their managers in nine SLT departments. Findings showed that SLTs' and managers perceptions of the linguistic composition of caseload and population were unreliable. (Author/VWL)

Focuses on syntactic regularities that underlie language alternations in Spanish-English bilingual speech, and the methodologies that may prove most reliable and informative in the exploration of this focus. Findings attest to the validity of the methodologies and of the elicited data. (Author/VWL)

Examines code switching in bilingual infants from a developmental perspective, using micro-focus of conversation analysis. Early switching data from two bilingual children is analyzed in terms of pragmatic choices and constraints. Some adult-like socially-determined switching was observed at an early age, but most early switches were explained by the child's psycho-social and linguistic development. (Author/VWL)

Longitudinal data on the effects of first language loss on verb inflection and use by two Spanish-speaking siblings who were in an English-speaking environment were gathered. Both children were videotaped interacting with a familiar Spanish-speaking adult. A lexical morphology model was used to predict the course of first language loss. Examined semantic relevancy and input frequency, and their effects on verbal inflection. (Author/VWL)

Reports on a study into the acquisition of Welsh and English phonology in Welsh-English bilingual children. Concentrates on the acquisition of the rhotic consonants--the trilled -r of Welsh and the approximant -r of English. (Author/VWL)

Explores whether the functional element effect (Muysken, 1997), often observed in production, is replicated in on-line comprehension results. Compared results of published frequency counts involving Spanish-English code switches with comprehension-timed experimental results. (Author/VWL)

Examines whether bilingual 2-year-olds have differentiated phonological systems, and if so, whether there are crosslinguistic influences between them. English-speaking monolingual, French-speaking monolingual, and French-English bilingual children participated in a nonsense-word repetition task. Syllable omissions/truncations were analyzed for patterns specific to French and English and between bilinguals and monolinguals. (Author/VWL)

Offers a state of the art overview of studies into trilingualism and looks at trilingual competence with a view to comparing it with bilingual competence to ascertain the extent to which any of the differences are amenable to explanation in quantitative or qualitative terms. (Author/VWL)

Presents a methodology for the systematic observation of codeswitching distribution, based on a range of defined units of discourse organization including the turn and different types of units within the turn, down to the level of the word. Codeswitching is found not to occur within word unit boundaries. Draws from a study of bilingual performance involving Greek-English conversation data. (Author/VWL)

Argues for a cognitive motivation behind the nonseparation of systems of discourse marking available to bilinguals. Produces evidence that bilingual speakers, in an unconscious effort to reduce the mental effort necessary to monitor and direct the hearer's responses and reactions to the speaker's utterances, can simplify monitoring-and-directing operations by eliminating language-specific options available to them, thereby automatizing the choice of expressions. (Author/VWL)

Provides a detailed voyage into the bilingualism of two Israeli Hebrew-English bilinguals. Compares their patterns of discourse marker employment at two points in their lifetime, twelve years apart. Finds that after 12 years, cognitive and discourse markers show further grammaticization quantitatively, whereas interpersonal discourse markers show further grammaticization qualitatively. (Author/VWL)

Lays out some historical background to the replacement of a system of discourse marking in German dialects spoken in the United States, exploring a number of implications for theories of language contact and codeswithing. Data suggest that discourse markers first entered German speech as emblematic codeswitches and eventually became borrowings, which paved the way for loss of the native system. (Author/VWL)

Examines data recorded in Shaba, a province in the Congo, and documents the marked preference to employ French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili discourse. Treats discourse markers as a special kind of contextualization cue that ties parts of a discourse to each other, creating cohesion and coherence. (Author/VWL)

Provides an overview of the topic of this special issue of the journal--discourse markers in bilingual conversation. Introduces the studies included in the issue, which investigate discourse markers in bilingual conversation from a variety of perspectives. As a whole the articles document the phenomenon of language alternation at discourse markers in a variety of language pairs. (Author/VWL)

Investigates the construction of the grammatical frame in code switching in terms of the roles played by the two languages in contact, referred to as the Matrix Language (ML) and the Embedded Language (EL). Data is presented from German-English code switching on gender assignment and article in noun phrases. (Author/VWL)

Explores pragmatic dimensions of code switching by first-grade Korean-American schoolchildren. Growing up as members of the Korean immigrant community in New York City, the children all entered school with Korean as their mother tongue, and at the same time of the investigation alternated between English and Korean. (Author/VWL)

Examines two activities bilingual speakers accomplish while talking: medium-repair and other-language repair. Both activities are accomplished when speakers draw on their other languages to overcome difficulties in one of their languages. (Author/VWL)