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Patient-related outcome measures are often used for assessing and determining management efficacy of shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) in overhead athletes. This study was undertaken to examine the psychometric properties (structural validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and minimal detectable change) and perform partial confirmatory factor analysis (PCFA) of the Hindi SPADI. Eighty male athletes with a mean age of 21.5 ± 2.20 years were enrolled in the study. Hindi SPADI test-retest reproducibility was calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), and Cronbach alpha helped determine internal consistency of the index. Pearson correlation coefficient compared the Hindi SPADI with the Hindi DASH scale to determine convergent validity, while the measurement error was calculated by minimal detectable change (MDC95). Exploratory factor analysis utilized for assessing the structural validity of the index gave a five-factor solution, which explained 70.03% of the variances. The test-retest reliability (ICC2,1), internal consistency, and convergent validity were found to be high, at 0.87, 0.75, and 0.94, respectively. The MDC95 was calculated to be 14.20. Additionally, the PCFA confirmed the five-factor solution with fit indices. This Hindi version of SPADI demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in overhead athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine activations of selected scapular stabilizing musculature while performing an overhead throw with a hold (not releasing the ball) in two different throwing positions--standing with a crow hop and kneeling on the ipsilateral knee. Surface electromyography was used to examine activations of throwing side lower trapezius (LT), middle trapezius (MT), serratus anterior (SA), and upper trapezius (UT). Muscle activations were recorded while performing the overhead throw with holds while in two throwing positions. MANOVA results revealed no significant differences between the two throwing conditions and muscle activations of LT, MT, SA, and UT: F(8.124) = .804, p = .600; Wilks's Λ = .904, partial η² = .049. Although no significant differences were observed in the scapular stabilizers between the two conditions, moderate (21-50 % MVIC) to high (> 50 % MVIC) activations of each muscle were present, indicating that nonrelease throws may be beneficial for scapular stabilization in throwers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]