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Most of the incidents response environment and computer forensics investigations cannot be successful accurately or thoroughly without understanding the runtime nature of a binary. Hackers increasingly use customized Trojans that are not detected by any antivirus which can only be analyzed and traced back to the original attacker via reverse engineering. Sometime, many executable programs contain vulnerabilities, such as the use of very weak cryptographic algorithms and the buffer overflows. The most useful way to discover these extreme critical vulnerabilities for binary closed-source programs is to reverse engineer them. Reverse engineering is required in order to understand and define complex binary obfuscation schemes used by copy protection vendors, as well as obfuscation put in place by commercial software vendors. In some different cases Vulnerability Analysis may be the ambition of the test to validate mitigation is in place and the vulnerability is not accessible; while in another mode the ambition maybe to test every applicable variable with authenticated access in an effort to discover all applicable vulnerabilities. Testing may be to find all the vulnerabilities in a hosting system; while in other factors we may need to find all the vulnerabilities on hosts within a given boundary or inventory. Vulnerability analysis performs according to the threat level of a system detected by the penetration testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to development of network technologies it is easy to send and receive any type of information. The data or information may be related to banking system, government or military. This confidential information can be leaked or stole by unauthorized person. So foe this security is an impotent issue for confidential information. For security three aspect are required:- confidentiality, integrity & availability. ITUT recommended mechanism of encipherment. Encipherment refers to hiding or covering the data using key. Encipherment is classified into two categories:- cryptography and steganography. Cryptography is process of changing plaintext into cipher text which is not understandable by unauthorized or intruders. This paper is based on different algorithms used for cryptography and their comparative study. Cryptography uses two types of algorithms; symmetric key algorithm and asymmetric key algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]