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Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease caused by the damage to the capillaries in the kidneys’ glomeruli. Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism and is excreted in the urine. Uric acid can serve as an inflammatory factor and is attributed to bring about endothelial dysfunction. The causal role of uric acid in the development of diabetic nephropathy is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum uric acid level and low levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) which is an indicator of renal disease progression in patients with Type II (T2D) diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross sectional analytical observational study was conducted on 150 patients with T2D. Since the study was an observational study it involved no medical intervention. Venous blood samples were obtained in fasting state for determination of random blood sugar, serum creatinine, uric acid, (HbA1c) hemoglobin A1c (reference range 3.8-5.5%); and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Using MDRD formula eGFR was calculated as = 186 x [serum creatinine]-1.154 x [Age] -0.203 x 0.742. The association of renal disease with T2D and the grading of the patients into different stages of renal failure was analysed by eGFR values. Results: Hundred and fifty diagnosed cases of T2D were included in the present study. The mean age of the study population was 63 ± 12.2. No significant age and gender related variation in serum uric acid level was noted in the study population. The prevalence of Hyperuricemia was 19.33%. The mean BMI was significantly higher among hyperuricemic subjects in comparison with normouricemic patients. Hyperuricemia was evident in 75% (n=18) of the subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Stage IV and stage V patients were associated with significantly very high (p < 0.01) uric acid levels. Conclusions: Serum uric acid has a significant positive association with diabetic nephropathy ultimately resulting in end stage renal disease. Treatment intervention is out of the scope of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction are universally encountered in routine clinical practice. Advanced diagnostic techniques have created new categories of thyroid disorders such as subclinical hypo-and-hyperthyroidism. The management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is controversial. Patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction may have vague, nonspecific symptoms that do not aid the clinical apperception. This study aimed to screen the normal adult population for the incidence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and discuss the optimal management strategy. Materials and methods: Four hundred subjects with no clinical evidence of thyroid dysfunction were included in the present study. Elaborate history in the form of a symptom questionnaire was obtained and clinical examination was performed. Laboratory analysis of thyroid function was done by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Patients with normal free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine levels (T3) were further classified into subclinical hypo/hyperthyroid based on the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. The incidence of subclinical thyroid disorder in the sample population was detected and optimal management strategies were followed as per the European thyroid association (ETA) guidelines. Results: The normal TSH value by ECLIA was 0.27 - 4.2μIU/ml. Seventeen (4.25%) out of four hundred subjects included in the present study were found to have subclinical thyroid dysfunction. The Ratio of subclinical hypothyroid cases to subclinical hyperthyroid cases was found to be 12:5. Clustering of the cases was found around the age of 60 years and was significantly more common among females in comparison to males. Cases with subclinical thyroid dysfunction were managed by follow up after a thorough evaluation and treatment of other comorbid conditions. Conclusions: The study provides valuable insight towards understanding the epidemiology and management of subclinical thyroid disorders in the present scenario. Screening is recommended for a high-risk population since there is good evidence that subclinical thyroid dysfunctions may be associated with progression to overt disease in up to 5% of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]