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Nivolumab, an antibody against human programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), enhances pre-existing immune responses and has antitumor activity. However, it may also cause undesirable immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as anti-PD-1-related colitis. In addition, Nivolumab can worsen pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. Its exact cause is unknown, but it may involve the dysregulation of the mucosal immune response. Thus, it is of great interest whether nivolumab can affect UC activity. This is the first report of a patient with epipharyngeal carcinoma and ulcerative colitis who was confirmed to have been safely treated with nivolumab based on autopsy findings.

We herein describe a case of Sweet's syndrome (SS) in a patient being treated for pulmonary toxoplasmosis complicated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The patient's SS developed after the pulmonary toxoplasmosis improved following treatment. We searched his cytokine profiles comprehensively using a bead-based immunoassay. The results showed no elevation of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ or IL-17A, and IL-6 was only observed to have increased at the onset of SS, suggesting that the pulmonary toxoplasmosis had been well controlled and that chronic inflammation may have been the cause of SS. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis is an extremely rare occurrence. The cytokine profile can help to clarify the pathological condition of SS and MDS complicated with severely invasive infectious diseases.