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Rare-earth triiodides free of donor solvents, LnI 3 (Ln = Sc, Y, La-Lu), have been prepared in quantities as high as 76 g and in yields between 72% (Sc) and 98% (La) by the reaction between the corresponding metal and excess ammonium iodide in a two-step, one-pot procedure that is conducted in borosilicate glassware at temperatures of 350-430 °C in commercial tube furnaces. Procedures for both large-scale and small-scale syntheses are described, with specific examples for Ln = Sc, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, and Lu. While the large-scale synthesis described here utilizes specialized glassware, the small-scale preparation may be performed in commercially available glassware.

The factors affecting the formation and crystal structures of unusual 6d 1 Th(III) square planar aryloxide complexes, as exemplified by [Th(OAr Me ) 4 ] 1- (OAr Me = OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 -2,6-Me-4), were explored by synthetic and reduction studies of a series of related Th(IV) tetrakis(aryloxide) complexes, Th(OAr R ) 4 (OAr R = OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 -2,6-R-4). Specifically, electronic, steric, and countercation effects were explored by varying the aryloxide ligand, the alkali metal reducing agent, and the alkali metal chelating agent. Salt metathesis reactions between ThBr 4 (DME) 2 (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) and 4 equiv of the appropriate potassium aryloxide salt were used to prepare a series of Th(IV) aryloxide complexes in high yields: Th(OAr H ) 4 (OAr H = OC 6 H 3 t Bu 2 -2,6), Th(OAr tBu ) 4 (OAr tBu = OC 6 H 2 t Bu 3 -2,4,6), Th(OAr OMe ) 4 (OAr OMe = OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 -2,6-OMe-4), and Th(OAr Ph ) 4 (OAr Ph = OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 -2,6-Ph-4). Th(OAr H ) 4 can be reduced by KC 8 , Na, or Li in the absence or presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) or 18-crown-6 (crown) to form dark purple solutions that have EPR and UV-visible spectra similar to those of the square planar Th(III) complex, [Th(OAr Me ) 4 ] 1- . Hence, the para position of the aryloxide ligand does not have to be alkylated to obtain the Th(III) complexes. Furthermore, reduction of Th(OAr OMe ) 4 , Th(OAr tBu ) 4 , and Th(OAr Ph ) 4 with KC 8 in THF generated purple solutions with EPR and UV-visible spectra that are similar to those of the previously reported Th(III) anion, [Th(OAr Me ) 4 ] 1- . Although many of these reduction reactions did not produce single crystals suitable for study by X-ray diffraction, reduction of Th(OAr H ) 4 , Th(OAr tBu ) 4 , and Th(OAr OMe ) 4 with Li provided X-ray quality crystals whose structures had square planar coordination geometries. Reduction of Th(OAr Ph ) 4 with Li also gave a product with EPR and UV-visible spectra that matched those of [Th(OAr Me ) 4 ] 1- , but X-ray quality crystals of the reduction product were too unstable to provide data. Neither Th(Odipp) 4 (THF) 2 (Odipp = OC 6 H 3 i Pr 2 -2,6) nor Th(Odmp) 4 (THF) 2 (Odmp = OC 6 H 3 Me 2 -2,6) could be reduced to Th(III) products under similar conditions. Reduction of U(OAr H ) 3 (THF) with KC 8 in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) was examined for comparison and formed [K(crypt)][U(OAr H ) 4 ], which has a tetrahedral arrangement of the aryloxide ligands. Moreover, no further reduction was observed when either [K(crypt)][U(OAr H ) 4 ] or [K(crown)(THF) 2 ][U(OAr H ) 4 ] were treated with KC 8 or Li.