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The primary goal of this research study is to perform a comparative analysis of the growth and coverage of the urban public transport system in the city of Manizales (Colombia) between the years 2010, 2015, and 2021. Geostatistical models are applied as a methodological basis, complemented with coverage and supply change analyses. The results show an increase in travel time between 2010 and 2015, suggesting stagnation in the expansion of the transportation system. There is a significant leap in public transport coverage between 2015 and 2021, which may be explained by transport infrastructure improvements in the city. It is concluded that the dynamics of coverage and access offered by an urban public transport system may be affected by the dynamics of urban growth if substantial and relevant interventions are not made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aims to calculate the territorial accessibility of tourist accommodation in the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape (CCL). The calculation is based on the premise that touristic potential is directly related to services availability, equipment, and accessibility conditions. Accessibility models based on geostatistical calculations are applied to determine population coverage by assessing the relationship between the location of lodging services and available transport infrastructure through the analysis of average travel time curves. The results show that the Colombian states of Caldas and Risaralda, both located within the CCL, have the best accessibility conditions for hotel facilities. However, economic policies in these states are focused on strengthening commerce and industry, undermining the need of strengthening their touristic sector, including their quantity and quality of tourist accommodations. It is concluded that the main challenge that CCL faces is to improve the operability and infrastructure of transportation, especially in the state of Quindio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research study is to develop a methodological proposal to determine areas of low pedestrian accessibility in the Avenida Santander mobility corridor from the city of Manizales (Colombia) to propose the insertion of new pedestrian crossings. The average integral accessibility transport offer model is applied. The results show areas with low pedestrian accessibility in the Avenida Santander mobility corridor, revealing the lack of pedestrian crossings in these areas. Insertion of new pedestrian crossings is proposed to improve the corridor’s accessibility. In conclusion, the methodology used can be applied as a territorial planning instrument to determine pedestrian accessibility conditions in road corridors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research study is to identify sites in the city of Bogota (Colombia) for new vehicle and driver registration facilities based on their geospatial correlation with driving schools, transport companies, and vehicle sale points. Studies examining the location and characterization of coverage facilities are often neglected by existing insertions such as primary activity nodes. Based on the conditions of integral average accessibility computations, candidate insertion zones are selected and their impact is evaluated in terms of spatial coverage and average travel time saving gradient. Geostatistical models are applied based on vehicle transport networks. The results identify Engativá, Fontibón, and Puente Aranda as prospective candidate locations in Bogota. It is concluded that assessing accessibility conditions facilitates the selection of potential insertion sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research study is to calculate, analyze, and compare at the global level the conditions of territorial accessibility of the Manizales - Villamaría conurbation between the years 2010 and 2017. The year 2010 is defined as the base scenario (scenario 1) for accessibility calculations and is compared to the year 2017 by two different groups: 1) an academic group composed by the sustainable mobility research group (scenario 2) and 2) a private consultant group contracted by the municipality of Manizales (scenario 3). The results show that the scenario 2 proposes to intervene the west sector while the scenario 3 proposes to intervene the east sector. The results of comparing scenarios 1 and 2 are considered more realistic and consequential than those obtained when comparing scenarios 1 and 3. It is concluded that having unrealistic results may put infrastructure efforts in the wrong direction, and in this particular case, in the opposite direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article proposes the saving index as a complementary variable for the calculation of the allocate benefit in the financing of road infrastructure projects by betterment levy in the Manizales model. For this purpose, it is proposed to use the global accessibility average and the integral accessibility average to calculate travel times on different scenarios, to quantify the savings generated by the proposed project, and to complement two mobility variables presented in the betterment levy models for benefit allocation. The global accessibility average calculates the savings generated by the project. The integral accessibility average measures the improvements on travel times generated by the project. The results show that the Manizales model that was applied to financing projects through betterment levy is best accepted by inhabitants where taxes were raised. In conclusion, the proposed variables can be applied to improve and complement the Manizales model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the best alternative for a second access connection to improve traffic flow conditions between the city of Manizales and the municipality of Villamaría. The methodology used territorial accessibility of global nature as an impact evaluation element. This was performed by quantifying the savings generated in average travel times when compared to that of the existing connection (basis). The proposed intervention on the present study generates a positive impact for both municipalities by generating time savings of up to 22% in travel time. It can be argued that using territorial accessibility allows efficient evaluation of the best intervention option for transport investment projects in a pre-feasibility stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of an ontological model to improve the web accessibility to blind people, through the use of the World Wide Web Consortium standard (W3C) and the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 5854. The ontological model was developed using web semantic tools and new web design technologies, which contains four main components: (1) the creation of representational data schema, (2) the integration of the ontology and the development tool, (3) the visualization of each labelled web elements and visualization of semantic metadata, and (4) validation and translation/compilation process. Preliminary results facilitated the generation of a clear scheme to create a website accessible to blind people. The rresults allowed identifying functional aspects that facilitated the generation of a development scheme to create a website accessible to blind people. Recommendations are presented to web designers and programmers, to provide strategies for creating products accessible to blind people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research seeks to establish the level of impact generated by the implementation and intervention of the road network of the municipality of Quibdó (Department of Choco in Colombia), within the framework of the project Integral Mobility Plan for a short term (2025). This plan was carried out by the National University of Colombia, Manizales branch, and the municipal administration in 2015. The methodology addresses the concept of urban territorial accessibility as a model for evaluating the impact generated by road interventions proposed by the Plan in the short term, once they are built. Digital tools are used (ArcMap, Microsoft Excel, TransCad) and socio-economic variables (area, population, housing) are introduced into the analysis. As a main result, it is found that the road interventions proposed in the plan, generate a shorter access time to the northern, southern and western sectors of the municipality. This leads to conclude that the proposed interventions are adequately addressed from the point of view of decreasing average travel times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact on travel time generated by redirection of roads in the gastronomy sector of Manizales, Colombia is analyzed. The objective of the study is to help in solving or contributing to a solution of the problems of mobility, trying of eliminating traffic congestion, low parking offer and the high demand of users. These factors make it difficult the normal transit of vehicles and pedestrians. The study is based on the use of global average accessibility and integral accessibility, as elements of calculation and the methodology of estimating the impact generated by intervention. As a result, 100% of population could reach the gastronomy sector in a travel time of less than 45 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the impact that can generate changes of speed and of transit direction in the road network of the municipality of La Dorada in the department of Caldas (Colombia) is presented and discussed. This is done employing models of transport, in order to generate a free-zone of vehicular flow in the Malecón area where public spaces and recreation for citizens can be enhanced. Through an accessibility analysis in four scenarios, the current situation and three intervention alternatives, the percentage of savings in the average travel time in the base situation and in every alternative scenario is calculated. The results show that a correct combination of direction changes and speed changes in the road network can decrease the flow of vehicles of a city area due to the saving of time when using other different routes to move. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geostatistical techniques of spatial interpolation are applied in this study in order to evaluate the geographical location of farms that produce five types of andean commercial fruits: Blackberry, Passion fruit, Tomato Tree, Lulo and Guava. An research process has been developed to identify possible potentialities and disadvantages offered by the transport infrastructure system available in the study area, evaluating the average travel times to production zones and their coverage with respect to socioeconomic variables as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of each municipality. This type of analysis makes it possible to identify areas with deficiencies in transport infrastructure with the target to prioritize investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a comparative analysis of the territorial accessibility between the current commercial nodes and those proposed for its construction in the city of Manizales (Colombia) is done. The objective of the study was determining the level of population coverage and identifying the sectors most benefited with the location of the new commercial nodes. Currently, the possibility of accessing to the nodes of commerce, services and recreation areas, plays an important role in the development and planning of a city. These land uses are sometimes grouped in strategic points identified as nodes or shopping malls. The location of these commercial nodes should be selected so they cover a large population using the smallest possible travel time for users. The results show that are the peripheral sectors of the areas under study those showing the greatest benefit, coinciding with being the areas that nowadays present the greatest deficiency of accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the current relation between the operative characteristics supplied by the transport infrastructure network of the department of Caldas (Colombia) and the results obtained in the Saber 11 test by educational institutions during 2015 is stablished. This test is the one considered by higher education institutions for admission of new students. Geographic coverage for all the Calda's schools is calculated based on the transport infrastructure network and the results are analysed according to the grade obtained in the test for each institution. The final results allowed stablishing the direct relation between educational quality supplied and the territorial accessibility conditions to the educational institutions in the department, in terms of average travel time invested. The research identifies the relevance of having educational institutions with high accessibility conditions for the community, which would enhance the quality of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research applies geostatistical techniques to explain the level of coverage presented by the transport infrastructure of the city of Quibdó in relation to the Primary Activity Nodes (PAN), which are those that allow meeting the minimum daily needs of a population: Health, Education, University studies and Security. The methodology is based on an analysis of accessibility to these nodes through the calculation of the Integral Mean Accessibility offered by the infrastructure network. The objective is to analyze the location of the PANs based on their relationship with the operational characteristics of the transport infrastructure network. It was obtained that the PANs that have the best spatial coverage characteristics are Educational, followed by the PAN Health and PAN Universities, which report similar levels of coverage of the variables population, number of households and area. While those nodes that report a poorer coverage are those of Security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research the location of debris dumps in the city of Manizales is analyzed, based on their accessibility, which is determined by the network of road infrastructure: The city has a total of seven legal points where it is possible to store debris from construction sites. The analysis was developed with the help and use of ArcGIS software, internal tools from Geostatistical Analyst® and Spatial Analyst®. The method of minimum paths (Ordinary Kriging) including information from the city of Manizales such as population and housing throughout the urban area to calculate accessibility by time coverage of the city area. Also, construction sites and projects where geographically located to relate average minimum travel time to the nearest debris' dump. Finally a comparison between dump sites that are in operation and new ones permitted by law is done, to obtain a better view and understanding of the current situation in the city of Manizales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se ha estudiado la relación existente entre la concentración de material particulado PM10 y las condiciones de accesibilidad territorial urbana con datos provenientes de seis estaciones de monitoreo, ubicadas geo espacialmente en la ciudad de Manizales, en Colombia. Se realiza interpolación de los datos de la estación por el método Ponderación Inversa de la Distancia (IDW, Inverse Distance Weigthing) y se relaciona con el cálculo de la Accesibilidad Media Global, que se obtiene de acuerdo a un modelo geo estadístico (Kriging Ordinario). Se obtuvieron resultados concluyentes sobre la relación entre los puntos de influencia de la concentración de material particulado con los sectores que requieren mayores y menores tiempos medios de viaje. Finalmente se analiza la población, área y vivienda que se encuentran afectadas por concentraciones de material particulado en los tiempos promedios de viajes en la totalidad de la ciudad. The relationship between particulate matter PM10 and the conditions of urban territorial accessibility are studied. The information analyzed includes data from six monitoring stations of the Manizales 'city in Colombia. The Inverse Distance Weigthing (IDW) method of interpolation is applied to the stations' data to calculate the influence of the particulate matter on the city area. The interpolation is related with calculations of the Global Accessibility Average obtained from a Kriging Ordinary geostatistical model. Conclusive results were obtained about the relation between PM10 concentrations with sectors that require higher or lower values of mean travel time. Finally, areas, housing and population affected by particulate matter concentrations are analyzed in their average travel time of whole city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]