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To observe the protecting effects and mechanisms of Dexamethasone and Salviae miltiorrhizae on intestinal mucosa and immune organs (spleen, thymus and lymph node) in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control, Dexamethasone treated group and Salviae miltiorrhizae treated group. At 3, 6 and 12 h after operation, the mortality rate, pathological changes of intestinal mucosa and immune organs as well as the contents of serum PAF, IL-1 beta and sIL-2R were observed, respectively. The mortality rate and the contents of PAF (at 3 and 6 h), IL-1 beta (at all time points) and sIL-2R (at 3 and 6 h) as well as the pathological scores of thymus (at all time points) and spleen (at 3 h) in Dexamethasone treated group were significantly lower than those in model control groups (P0.05). The contents of PAF (at 3 and 12 h), IL-1 beta (at 6 and 12 h) and sIL-2R (at 3 and 6 h) as well as the pathological scores of thymus (at all time points) and spleen (at 3 and 12 h) in Salviae miltiorrhizae treated group were markedly lower than those in model control groups (P0.05). Since both Dexamethasone and Salvia miltiorrhizae can reduce the contents of serum PAF, sIL-2R and IL-1 beta, mitigate the pathological changes in the small intestine, spleen and thymus and reduce the mortality rate of SAP rats, they show good therapeutic effects on SAP rats.

To study the protective role of Baicalin on rats thymus with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The SAP rats were randomly assigned to the model control, Baicalin treated and Octreotide treated groups. Normal rats were assigned to the sham-operated group. The rat survival rates, pathological changes of thymus, apoptotic indexes and expression levels of NF-kappaB, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and P-selectin of all groups were observed and recorded at 3, 6 and 12 h after operation, respectively. Rat survival rates were significantly higher in both Baicalin- and Octreotide-treated groups than those in the model control group at 12 h (P0.05). The thymus pathological score was significantly lower in Baicalin treated group than in control group at 3 and 12 h (P0.05). The expression of NF-kappaB, Bax and Bcl-2 in thymus tissue was negative in all groups. At 3 h after operation, the staining intensity, positive staining rate and intensity of Caspase-3 protein in the thymuses of the Baicalin treated group were significantly higher than those in the model control group (P0.01). At different time points after operation, no marked difference was observed in the staining intensity of P-selectin protein between the Baicalin treated group and the model control group (P0.05). At 6 h after operation, the positive staining rate and intensity of P-selectin protein in the Baicalin treated group was significantly lower than those in the model control group (P0.05). The apoptotic indexes were significantly higher in treated group than in model control group at 6 h (P0.05). Baicalin has a protective role on the thymus of SAP rats, and its effect of decreasing inflammatory mediators level in blood, inhibiting P-selectin expression and inducing apoptosis of thymocytes may involve in the mechanism of its protective role.

To observe the protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae injection on multiple organs of rats with SAP or OJ. Two hundred eighty-eight rats were used for SAP-associated experiments and OJ-associated experiments. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control and treated group. According to the different time points after operation, the SAP rats in each group were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h groups while the OJ rats were divided into 7, 14, 21 and 28 days groups. The mortality rates, pathological changes and ICAM-1 (only in lung), TLR4 (only in liver), Bax and NF-kappaB proteins expression in multiple organs (liver, kidney, lung, intestinal mucosa, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes) were observed, respectively. The mortality rates of treated groups decreased in both SAP and OJ experiments. Compared to model control group, the pathological changes can be seen in treated groups including; (1) the pathological changes of multiple organs in SAP and OJ experiments were improved, the pathological severity scores of kidney (at 6 h), intestinal mucosa (at 12 h), spleen (at 6 and 12 h), thymus (at 3 and 6 h) and lymph nodes (at 3 and 6 h) in SAP experiment and of liver (on 21 and 28 days), lung (21 days), intestinal mucosa (on 21 and 28 days) and spleen (on 21 and 28 days) in OJ experiment significantly declined (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (2) the positive rate of Bax protein in pancreas (at 3 h) and liver (on 6 and 12 h) in SAP experiment and in liver (on 28 days), kidney (on 21 days), and thymus (on 28 days) in OJ experiment were significantly lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (3) the positive rate of NF-kappaB in liver (at 12 h) and kidney (at 6 h) in SAP experiment and in liver (on 21 days), kidney (on 28 days), intestinal mucosa (on 28 days) and thymus (on 14 days) in OJ experiment significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (4) the positive rate of ICAM-1 in lungs (at 12 h) in SAP experiment was significantly less (P < 0.05). Salvia miltiorrhizae injection can protect multiple organs of SAP or OJ rats and inhibit the expression of ICAM-1, TLR4, NF-kappaB and regulate Bax proteins. Salvia miltiorrhizae may relieve the inflammation response and enhance the immunity function of SAP and OJ rats.

We investigated the effects of Baicalin and Octreotide on the levels of endotoxin and TNF-α in blood and the effects of apoptotic changes in multiple organs of SAP rats, and explored the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of Baicalin and Octreotide. In this study, 135 SAP rats were randomly divided into model control, Baicalin treated and Octreotide treated group (n = 45), respectively, the same number of normal rats were included in sham-operated group (n = 45). The above-mentioned groups were further subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h subgroups, respectively (15 rats in each subgroup). At 3, 6 and 12 h after operation, the mortality rate of rats, endotoxin and TNF-α levels in blood as well as the pathological severity scores, expression levels of Bax protein and apoptosis indexes in multiple organs were determined. Compared to model control group (1),both drugs can relieve the pathological injuries of multiple organs and decrease significantly the levels of endotoxin and TNF-α in blood and the mortality rate of rats in treated groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (2) the expression of Bax protein was upregulated in pancreas, lung, intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) but downregulated in spleen and lymph nodes (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) in Baicalin treated group; The apoptosis indexes significantly increased in pancreas, intestinal mucosa, lymph nodes and spleen (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) the expression of Bax protein was upregulated in pancreas and lung but downregulated in spleen and lymph nodes (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in Octreotide treated group; The apoptosis indexes significantly increased in lymph nodes and spleen in Octreotide treated group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Baicalin and Octreotide share a similar therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of SAP via a mechanism that is associated with inhibiting the levels of TNF-α in blood and induce apoptosis in multiple organs.

To study the efficacy and mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhizae injection in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. SAP rat models were prepared and randomly divided into model control group and treated group. The sham-operated group was also set. At 3, 6 and 12 h after operation, the mortality rate, ascitic volumes, pathological changes in the pancreas, contents of amylase and endotoxin in plasma as well as IL-6, IL-18, ET-1 and NO in serum, the staining intensity of Bax and NF-κB p56 proteins, and the changes in apoptosis index of pancreatic cells in rats in each group were observed. The pathological severity scores (at 3, 6 and 12 h after operation), contents of plasma endotoxin (at 6 and 12 h after operation) and serum IL-6 (at 6 and 12 h after operation) were significantly lower than those in model control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively); the staining intensity and the product of the staining intensity and positive staining rate of Bax protein in the pancreas were significanly higher than those in model control group (P < 0.01). Salvia miltiorrhizae is able to reduce the contents of plasma endotoxin and serum IL-6, promote the expression of Bax protein in pancreas, improve the pathological changes in the pancreas, and decrease the mortality rate of rats, thereby showing therapeutic effect on rats with SAP.

The aim of this study was to observe scutellarin parenteral solution's therapeutic effects and mechanisms in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). We divided SD rats into four groups randomly: (1) sham-operated group, (2) model control group, (3) scutellarin-treated group, and (4) Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated group. All of those rats in the abovementioned groups are randomly subdivided into 6 and 12 h subgroups, respectively, according to the postoperative time. Rats have been mercifully killed at different time after operation, and then detected their serum amylase, contents of ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr and observed the pathologic changes of multiple organs (pancreas, liver, kidneys, and lungs). We found that the survival rates have no marked differences (P 0.05) between model control group and two treated groups at any time points. AST and BUN serum contents have no marked difference (P 0.05). ALT serum contents in S. miltiorrhiza-treated group (6 and 12 h) and scutellarin-treated group (12 h) are obviously less than those in model control group (P 0.05). The serum contents of Cr and amylase in scutellarin-treated group (6 h) are obviously less than those in model control group (P 0.05). There is a different degree of relief on the pathologic changes of multiple organs in the two treated groups compared with those in model control group, of which pancreas and liver's pathologic severity scores in scutellarin-treated group (6 and 12 h) have reduced (P 0.01) significantly compared with those in the model control group. However, there are no significant differences between scutellarin-treated group and S. miltiorrhiza-treated group (P 0.05). We think the scutellarin parenteral solution has a certain protective effect on SAP rats' multiple organ injuries.

To investigate the effect of apoptosis about Salvia miltiorrhizae injection on the lungs of SAP and OJ rats. Total 288 rats were used for SAP-associated experiments and OJ-associated experiments, respectively. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control and treated group. According to the difference of time points after operation, the SAP rats in each group were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h groups while the OJ rats were divided into 7, 14, 21 and 28 days groups. The pathological changes, expression levels of Bax protein and apoptotic indexes in the lungs of SAP or OJ rats were observed, and the mortality rates of SAP or OJ rats were recorded, respectively. The numbers of dead SAP and OJ rats in treated groups declined. The pathological changes in the lungs of SAP or OJ rats in treated groups were relieved to varying degrees. There was no marked difference in pathological severity scores and the positive staining intensity of Bax protein between treated groups and model control groups (all P > 0.05). Salvia miltiorrhizae has some protective effect on the lungs of rats with SAP or OJ which may be related apoptosis although our results can not find significant difference between treated groups and model control groups.

To investigate the effect of salvia miltiorrhizae on the expressions of TLR4 protein in the liver of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and obstructive jaundice (OJ), and explore the protective mechanism of salvia miltiorrhizae on the liver of rats. A total of 288 mice was used in SAP- (n = 108) and OJ-associated experiments (n = 180). The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control and treated group. Based on the different time points after operation, these groups were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h subgroups (SAP rats, n = 12) or 7, 14, 21 and 28 days subgroups (OJ rats, n = 15). At the corresponding time points after operation, blood and liver specimens were collected to determine the contents of endotoxin and TNF-α in the blood as well as the expression levels of TLR4 protein in the liver. Compared with the corresponding model control group, though the number of dead SAP or OJ rats in the treated group declined, no statistical difference was noted; The levels of plasma endotoxin in SAP (at 6 and 12 h) or OJ rats in the treated group decreased significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively); The levels of serum TNF-α in SAP (at 12 h) or OJ rats (on 14 days) declined (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively); The staining intensity as well as the product of staining intensity and positive rate of TRL4 protein only significantly declined on 7 and 28 days in OJ rats (P < 0.01). On 7 days, treated group in positive rate of TLR4 protein were significantly lower than that in model control group (P < 0.01). The pathological changes in different treated groups of SAP and OJ rats were improved. Salvia miltiorrhizae is able to reduce the levels of plasma endotoxin and inhibit effectively the expressions of TLR4 protein in the liver of SAP or OJ rats, thereby decreasing inflammatory reaction and exerting protective effect on liver function.

To observe the influence of Baicalin and Octreotide on liver and kidney of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and discuss the related mechanism. SAP rats were randomly divided into model control, Baicalin treated and Octreotide treated group (n = 45). The same number of normal rats were included in sham-operated group (n = 45). In all groups, the mortality rate, pathological changes as well as expression levels of NF-κB p65 and P-selectin protein in liver and kidney were observed at 3, 6 and 12 h after operation. The survival rate of treated group was 100% at 12 h significantly higher than that of model control group (P < 0.05). The pathological changes of liver and kidney in treated groups were alleviated to different degrees, the NF-κB protein expression levels and pathological severity scores in liver and kidney of treated groups were significantly lower than those of model control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). The hepatic P-selectin protein expression level in Baicalin treated group was significantly lower than that of model control group at 3 h (P < 0.01), and renal P-selectin expression level in Baicalin treated group at 3 and 6 h were significantly lower than those of model control group and Octreotide treated group (P < 0.01). (1) Early treatment with Baicalin or Octreotide have obvious protecting effects on liver and kidney injuries in SAP with their mechanisms associated to inhibiting NF-κB and P-selectin expression of liver and kidney. (2) Comparing the pharmacologic effects of Octreotide and Baicalin, we believe Baicalin as a new drug with its protecting effects on liver and kidney of SAP rats similar to Octreotide is worth further studying. (3) The advantages of tissue microarrays in pathological examination include time and energy saving and highly efficient. But the restriction of small diameter weakens the representation of tissues to various extents, which may lead to the deviation of analysis.