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Mersa Nurain Kausar,1– 4 Efi Fitriana,5 Khairunnisa Khairunnisa,6 Md Omar Faruque,7 Muh Akbar Bahar,8 Sofa D Alfian,1,3 Ivan Surya Pradipta1,3 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Master of Clinical Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Drug Utilization and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Group, Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 4Occupational Health – Regional Public Hospital, West Java Provincial Government, Bandung, Indonesia; 5Department of General Psychology and Experiment, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 6Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; 7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; 8Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Ivan Surya Pradipta, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62 842 88888, Fax +62 842 88898, Email ivanpradipta@unpad.ac.idBackground: Validated and standardized structured questionnaires based on psychometric analysis are extremely limited, particularly for assessing community pharmacy personnel’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in tuberculosis (TB) case detection, drug monitoring, and education. We, therefore, developed and validated a questionnaire to assess the KAP of community pharmacy personnel in TB case detection, drug monitoring, and community education.Methods: This study was conducted in two phases. First, we developed the questionnaire, which included framework development, item generation, individual item content validity index (I-CVI), item screening, and pre-testing. Second, we validated the questionnaire with 400 participants using various analyses, including participant analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), comparative fit index (CFI), non-normed fit index (NNFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). We determined the reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha and test−retest reliability using Pearson’s correlation.Results: In the development phase, we defined 63 items that comprised 18 sociodemographic, 18 knowledge, 18 attitude, and 9 practice items. Across the 63 items, the I-CVI scores of sociodemographic and KAP items were one each. The CFA model parameter values were X2/df= 2.28; AGFI = 0.95; CFI = 0.99; NNFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.06; and SRMR = 0.03 (p < 0.05 for all). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of KAP items were 0.75, 0.91, and 0.95, respectively. The test-retest reliability coefficients of KAP were 0.84, 0.55, and 0.91, respectively (p < 0.01).Conclusion: This study indicates that the developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the KAP of community pharmacy personnel for TB case detection, drug monitoring, and community education in Indonesia. Community pharmacy personnel can support TB notification and treatment by assessing their prospective roles in surveys using this questionnaire, enabling TB eradication in 2030.Keywords: development and validation, knowledge attitude and practice, community pharmacy, tuberculosis

Faroque Md Mohsin,1,2 Ridwana Nahrin,2 Tajrin Tahrin Tonmon,2 Maherun Nesa,3 Sharmin Ahmed Tithy,1 Shuvajit Saha,4 Mahmudul Mannan,5 Md Shahjalal,2 Mohammad Omar Faruque,6 Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader2 1Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Department of Surgery, Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn & Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Department of Maternal and Child Health, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; 6Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, BangladeshCorrespondence: Mohammad Delwer Hossain HawladerDepartment of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, BangladeshEmail mohammad.hawlader@northsouth.eduBackground: Severe COVID-19 infections have already taken more than 4 million lives worldwide. Factors, such as socio-demographics, comorbidities, lifestyles, environment, and so on, have been widely discussed to be associated with increased severity in many countries. The study aimed to determine the risk factors of severe–critical COVID-19 in Bangladesh.Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study among various types of COVID-19 patients (both hospitalized and non-hospitalized) confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We have selected 1500 COVID-19 positive patients using a convenient sampling technique and analyzed lifestyle and comorbidity-related data using IBM SPSS-23 statistical package software. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were used to determine risk factors of life-threatening COVID-19 infection.Results: The mean age of the study participants was 43.23 (± 15.48) years. The study identified several lifestyle-related factors and common commodities as risk factors for severe–critical COVID-19. The patient’s age was one of the most important predictors, as people > 59 years were at higher risk (AOR=18.223). Among other lifestyle factors, active smoking (AOR=1.482), exposure to secondary smoking (AOR=1.728), sleep disturbance (AOR=2.208) and attachment with SLT/alcohol/substance abuse (AOR=1.804) were identified as significant predictors for severe–critical COVID-19. Patients those were overweight/obese (AOR=2.105), diabetic (AOR=4.286), hypertensive (AOR=3.363), CKD patients (AOR=8.317), asthma patients (AOR=2.152), CVD patients (AOR=7.747) were also at higher risk of severe–critical COVID-19 infection.Conclusion: This study has identified several vital lifestyles and comorbidity-related risk factors of severe–critical COVID-19. People who have these comorbidities should be under high protection, and risky lifestyles of the general population should modify through the proper educational campaign.Keywords: COVID-19, lifestyle, comorbidities, risk factor, Bangladesh