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The importance of Salvia L. species, being used as traditional medicine, in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value added food products. Within this context, in this study, it was aimed to biologically and chemically investigate the essential oil and ethanol extracts of the Salvia multicaulis Vahl. Chemical and biological study results of naturally grown and cultivated (uninvestigated in the literature) samples of S. multicaulis were compared. The essential oil, aroma and terpenoid-steroid contents of the species were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and phenolic content by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). In addition, the bioactivities of the extracts were screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antialzheimer, antiurease, antityrosinase, antielastase and anticollagenase activities. It was found that the enzyme activities of the essential oil and the antioxidant activities of all ethanol extracts of the species were quite high. It was determined that especially essential oil and the ethanol extracts of the leaf parts exhibited high cytotoxic effect in cancer cell lines (PDF (Healthy primary dermal fibroblast cell line), HT-29 (colon cancer cell line), MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), Caco-2 (colon cancer cell line) and Skov-3 (ovary cancer cell line)). According to the GC–MS results, in the natural specimen 1,8-cineole (33.05 %) and d -limonene (21.18 %), in the cultivated sample 1,8-cineole (42.35 %) and α-pinene (15.74 %) were detected to be as the major components of the essential oil and aroma, respectively. It was observed that both natural and cultivated samples were rich in β-Sitosterol. Moreover, the root extract of natural samples was found to be richer than the other extracts in terms of abieatane diterpene (ferruginol, cryptanol, sugiol, and inuroyleanone) compounds. According to the LC–MS/MS results, it is seen that both natural and cultivated samples are very rich in rosmarinic acid. Especially, the flower part of the natural sample (98.10 mg analyte/g extract) was found to contain more rosmarinic acid than the other parts. Due to the high total phenolic and rosmarinic acid content, cytotoxic, anti-aging, and antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract of the leaf parts of the species, it has the potential to be used as a food supplement, food preservative and in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chenopodium species have been used in folk medicine and as vegetable for years. In the present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, biological activities, phenolic constituents and fatty acid profile of Chenopodium album subsp. album var. microphyllum (Boen.) Aellen were determined for the first time. The antioxidant effects were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assays (CUPRAC). The Ellman method was applied for the determination of the cholinesterase inhibition activity. The phenolic constituents of the methanol extract and the fatty acid profile of the n-hexane extract were evaluated by LC–MS/MS and GC–MS, respectively. Acetone and methanol extracts showed similar DPPH free radical scavenging activities (0.68 ± 0.07 and 0.68 ± 0.05 mmol Trolox/g extract, respectively), whereas the cupric ion reducing capacity of the acetone extract was the highest (0.41 ± 0.05 mmol Trolox/g extract). Acetone and methanol extracts had moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities as 65.29 ± 1.56% and 52.64 ± 2.78%, respectively, whereas non of the extracts possessed anti-acetylcholinesterase effect. The methanol extract was found to contain significant amounts of hesperidin (9769.13 ± 158.26 μg/g extract) and rutin (2935.19 ± 39.92 μg/g extract). The major fatty acid constituents of the n-hexane extract were identified as myristic acid (18.26%) and cis-10-pentadecanoic acid (15.39%).