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In the present study, total 12 Pseudomonas spp. were obtained from 94 dogs suffering from otitis externa, and were characterized and subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test using commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Virulence associated gene algD (alginate synthesis) was detected in 91.67% isolates of Pseudomonas spp. Out of 12 Pseudomonas spp. isolates, six were selected and subjected for the isolation of bacteriophages. Total 12 samples, i.e., eight sewage water and four pond water samples were processed for isolation of the bacteriophages specific to six Pseudomonas spp. selected using double agar overlay assay, out of which 50.00% (6/12) samples showed presence of phages in the form of plaque. Out of six samples three each were lytic and lysogenic phages. The bacteriophages were screened for the presence of integron genes (intI1, intI2 and intI3) where intI1 and intI2 were detected in two lysogenic phages each. Out of three lysogenic phages, one was responsible for conversion of phenotypically non-mucoid strain of Pseudomonas spp. to mucoid. Moreover, a comparative in vitro antibiotic susceptibility zone analysis of the wild Pseudomonas spp. vs. lysogenic phage affected Pseudomonas spp. revealed that lysogenic phage infection altered the antimicrobial susceptibility of lysogenic phage affected Pseudomonas spp. isolates at a sub-inhibitory concentration of antibiotics, suggesting that they might be precursory to antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken on serological survey of Canine distemper (CD) in dogs in various districts of Gujarat state. Sera samples from 86 CD suspected dogs were collected from Anand, Navsari, Ahmedabad and Vadodara districts for detection of antibodies against CDV. Out of 86 sera samples screened, 35 were found positive for CD by indirect ELISA, indicating overall seroprevalence to be 40.70%. Location wise, seroprevalence was found to be higher 61.53% (16/26) in Navsari district, followed by 30.43% (14/46) in Anand district. With low sample size, Vadodara and Ahmedabad districts showed 40.00% (2/5) and 33.33% (3/9) seroprevalence, respectively. Sex-wise seroprevalence of CD was found to be higher in females (47.36%) than in males (35.41%), whereas age-wise seroprevalence was found to be higher in 6 to 12 months of age group (43.03%) than >12-24 months of age group (14.28%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was focused on comparing lateral flow assay (LFA) and one-step RT-PCR for detection of Canine distemper virus (CDV) in dogs. Total of 74 swab (38 nasal and 36 conjunctival) samples from 23 CD suspected dogs were collected. Detection of CDV was performed by LFA using quickVET Rapid test kit and molecular detection by one-step RT-PCR targeting N gene. Based on the test result, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. The prevalence of CD detected by LFA and RT-PCR were 69.56% and 73.91% respectively among dogs. All the dogs positive for CDV by LFA were also positive by RT-PCR, including one more dog. Comparative analysis of RT-PCR and LFA using sample-wise positivity revealed that relative sensitivity and specificity of LFA considering RT-PCR as the Gold standard test were 66.66% and 100%, while overall agreement between the two assays was 77.03%. For diagnosis of CD in dogs, RT-PCR proved to be a better test than LFA. However, the inherent advantages associated with field tests like LFA and its considerable sensitivity and specificity can be useful and adopted for field-level diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was intended to isolate extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella spp. from chevon samples (n = 150) collected various retail chevon markets in and around Anand (Gujarat) to check their prevalence and evaluate the hygienic level. The isolates obtained were also subjected to anti-microbial susceptibility testing. According to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, Bacterial isolation, identification, and anti-microbial susceptibility tests were performed. Out of 150 samples, Klebsiella spp. were recovered from 85 chevon samples with an overall prevalence of 56.67%. The highest prevalence was observed in the intestine (76.67%), while the lowest was observed in muscle samples (36.67%) with intermediate prevalence in other samples like heart, liver, and water. Amongst Klebsiella spp. isolates, 100 % antibiotic resistance was detected towards ampicillin and ceftazidime, followed by cefepime (64%) and ceftazidime/clavulinic acid (63%); whereas higher sensitivity was detected towards amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (89.41%) followed by gentamicin (70.58%) and amikacin (61.17%). The high prevalence of ELBS producing Klebsiella spp. with greater anti-microbial resistance suggest the judicious use of antibiotics and the need to track and monitor the spread of ESBL producing strains in food-producing animals to safeguard public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive health and breeding status was studied in 124 pet dogs (121 females, 3 males) presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College of Veterinary Science and A.H. Anand. It comprised a majority of Labradors (32.26%), followed by German Shepherds (16.13%), Pomeranians (12.90%), Mongrels (10.48%), Pugs (9.68%), and others. Body condition-wise, 10.48% bitches were fatty, 68.55% normal, 13.71% below average, and 7.26% were debilitated. All three males were conditioned enough. Among 121 bitches, 53 were nulliparous, 27 primiparous, 32 pluriparous, and 9 were of unknown parity. Out of 124 dogs examined, 117 (94.36%) were free from ectoparasites, whereas 7 (5.64%) had ticks' infestation. Among the 121 bitches, 69.42% were cyclic, 13.22% acyclic, and 17.36% with unknown status. Expression of behavioural proestrus and estrus was intense and noticeable in 66.95%, subtle in 27.27% and unknown in 5.79% bitches. Reaction by the bitch to the dog was reported to be poor/refractory, good/amicable and ferocious in 9, 57 and 9 bitches, respectively. Clinical reproductive entities (207) included the pregnancy failure (16.43%) to be the highest, followed by pregnancy (12.56%), proestrus (11.11%), open pyometra (7.73%), seeking counselling (7.25%), misalliance (5.80%), vaginal tumours (4.83%), pseudopregnancy (4.35%), close pyometra (1.93%) and others. Ten (83.33%) genital discharge samples from 12 bitches having open pyometra yielded bacterial isolates with Corynebacterum spp. being the predominant and most isolates were sensitive to Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, while resistant to Ampicillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present instigation was carried out on 62 adult healthy male Wistar rats (12-15 weeks of age) to study the therapeutic efficacy of Boerhavia diffusa (BD, roots) and Bryophyllum calycinum (BC, leaves) on adenine induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) through evaluation of serum uromodulin and biochemical changes after therapy. The rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. Group I (n = 6) was given only distilled water and served as healthy control. Groups II to VIII (n = 8 each) were given adenine chemical @ 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days by oral ravage needle to induce CKD. After 28th day, groups III and IV were given an aqueous and alcoholic extract of BD, group-V, and VI with aqueous and alcoholic extract of BC @ 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 42 days. Group VII was given bihebral aqueous extract of BC and BD (1:1.5), while group VIII received bihebral alcoholic extract of BC and BD (1:1.5) @ 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 42 days. Results of serum uromodulin and biochemistry revealed that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both the plants possess good therapeutic/nephroprotective efficacy against CKD as reflected by a significant increase in the serum levels of uromodulin, ALT, BUN, uric acid, creatinine, and phosphorus, with a decreased level of total protein in the CKD induced groups as compared to the normal control group on 28th day followed by reversal towards normal values after 42 days of herbal therapy, i.e. on 70th day of an experiment, in all groups, and particularly in groups VII and VIII co-treated with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both plants. The effect of biherbal alcoholic extract of the plants was much better in restoring the serum uromodulin and biochemical values of CKD-induced rats by 42 days of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella multocida causes hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), an acute, often fatal, septicaemic disease in ruminants. It is commonly observed in the world's tropical regions, especially in Asian and African countries. In the present study, eleven blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) were diagnosed positive for hemorrhagic septicemia by using Leishman stain of blood smear showing bipolar organisms. The blackbucks were treated with bolus sulphadimidine @ 5 gm, powder uniselit @ 5 gm and liquid ostovet @ 25 mL per animal/day for seven days and after that bolus sulphadimidine @ 2.5 gm was given for the next three days. Following treatment eight blackbucks recovered and became normal. A post-mortem examination was performed on three blackbucks one died on first day and two blackbucks on the third day, which confirmed the changes typical of HS in lungs, liver and kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to categorize clinical signs, diagnostic efficacy of different techniques, and microbiological and pathological findings of canine pyometra. The study covered total 18 bitches; ten with pyometra and eight healthy ones presented for spaying. All the bitches with pyometra were found lethargic, dull, and depressed. The general condition of bitches with closed pyometra (n=2) was poor, whereas it was fair in cases of open pyometra (n=8). The mean rectal temperature of bitches with pyometra was 102.67±0.18 °F. Vomition, polyuria, polydipsia, and diarrhea were recorded in 40, 40, 60 and 10 % pyometra cases, respectively. The age of affected bitches was 4 to 12 years with a mean of 8.8±0.71 years. The prevalence of pyometra was higher in nulliparous animals (5 cases) followed by multiparous (4 cases) and primiparous (1 case) bitches. The abdominal palpation was clear for pyometra in only 20% of cases. Radiography was clear in 40% of cases, whereas ultrasonography was clear and confirmatory in 100 % of cases. Uterine content of all ten cases of pyometra was positive for bacterial isolates; mostly Gram-negative bacilli (50%) followed by gram-positive cocci (30%) and mixed isolates (20%) as against sterile contents of healthy bitches. Amoxycillin was the most effective antibiotic (60.00 %) against bacterial isolates followed by amikacin and gentamicin (50.00 % each). Grossly, the mean weight of intact reproductive organs of bitches with pyometra was 987.5±317.61 g as against 77.50±23.83 g in normal healthy bitches. The mean length of right and left uterine horns was almost double than in healthy bitches, and it varied from 10 to 53 cm in pyometra cases. The colour of uterine content was found variable in cases of pyometra from greyish to dark brownish with watery to thick consistency. There were presence of CLs, cysts or follicles on either of the ovaries in majority of bitches with pyometra. The histopathological changes of uterine tissues after ovario-hysterectomy indicated classical pyometra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otitis externa is one of the most common diseases of the canines, defined as an acute or chronic inflammation of the external ear canal. In the present study, 124 samples were collected, out of which 94 samples were from 75 dogs suffering from otitis externa and 30 from 15 healthy dogs from the regions of Anand and Vadodara districts of Gujarat. Total 129 bacteria comprised of Staphylococcus spp. (58.40%), Pseudomonas spp. (10.62%), Proteus spp. (10.62%), Streptococcus spp. (7.08%), Corynebacterium spp. (6.19%), E. coli (4.42%), Klebsiella spp. (1.77%) and Enterobacter spp. (0.88%) were isolated from otitic and healthy ears of dogs based upon colonial, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics. The bacterial isolates showed least resistance towards tobramycin (1.51%) followed by enrofloxacin (5.52%), ofloxacin (11.98%), amikacin (15.20), gentamicin (17.07), and amoxycillin clavulanic acid (17.53%), while they showed the highest resistance towards ampicillin (63.90%). The multidrug resistance was detected in 29.46% (34/129) of the total bacterial isolates. Betalactam resistance genes were detected in E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp.; quinolone resistance genes were detected in E. coli, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected in E. coli, Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study of etio-epidemiology of vomition in dogs was carried out amongst the dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, AAU, Anand. A total of 50 cases of vomiting dogs were selected for this study. Investigation of etiological factors associated with vomition revealed that 50.00% vomiting cases were due to dietary abnormalities, 24.00% due to Parvo viral infection, 10.00% due to parasitic infestation, 8.00% renal disorders, 6.00% due to hepatic disorders, and 2.00% due to pyometra. The epidemiological parameters like sex, breed, and age were recorded. During the sex-wise incidence of vomition was found more in male (64.00 %) than in female (36.00 %) dogs. The breed-wise incidence of vomition was recorded highest (32.00 %)in Mongrel, followed by Labrador Retriever (28.00 %), Spitz (12.00 %), Doberman Pinscher (8.00 %), German Shepherd (10.00 %), Great Dane 4%, Beagle (2.00 %), Lasa Aphso (2.00 %), and Pug (2.00 %). The age-wise incidence of vomition was recorded higher (58.00%) in 0-6 months age group, followed by (24%) in 7 months to 3 years age group and (18%) in 3-8 years age group. Clinical examination revealed dehydration, dullness, congested to anemic mucus membranes, inappetence to anorexia, tachycardia, melaena, haematemesis, diarrhea, and clear lungs. On abdominal palpation, there was mild pain in dogs affected with renal and hepatic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to characterize six Pasteurella multocida isolates obtained from sheep, duck, pig, cow, poultry, and P. multocida P52 vaccine strain by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). All the isolates were first confirmed positive for P. multocida by culturally first and then by a biochemical method. The Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAs) were extracted from the isolates and PM-PCR was carried out, which confirmed all the isolates as P. multocida, and further studied for capsular typing. Among them three isolates of P. multocida were typed as capsular type A (sheep, duck and poultry), and the other two were typed as capsular type B (cow and pig). Specific primers and protocols described in the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) MLST scheme for P. multocida were used to amplify the seven house-keeping genes, viz., adk, est, pmi, zwf, mdh, gdh, and pgi. The purified PCR products were subjected to sequencing by Sanger's method. The total length sequences of genes were trimmed to the length of 466 bp, 535 bp, 602 bp, 500 bp, 521 bp, 530 bp, and 560 bp for adk, est, pmi, zwf, mdh, gdh and pgi genes, respectively, as described in the RIRDC MLST scheme. Isolates of sheep, duck, pig, cattle, poultry, PAS-506/06, PAD-914/11, PAP-721/09, PAC-93/15, PAP-87/13 and P52 vaccine strain were grouped to sequence type 122, 307, 308, 309, 129 and 122, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was rapid detection of Pasteurella multocida infection by direct blood and tissue PCR technique. A total 151 samples comprising of 112 blood samples, 37 tissues samples, one nasal swab, and one bone marrow from various ruminants and poultry were processed by cultural methods and confirmed by PM-PCR by amplifying a product of 460bp. Among them four Pasteurella multocida were obtained from tissue samples of buffaloes and two from poultry and, one from blood sample of cow. The clinical samples were processed for direct blood PCR (n=112 blood, 37 tissue) and direct tissue PCR (n=151) methods. Out of 112 blood samples processed, one blood sample of cow positive for P. multocida by cultural method was also found to be positive by direct blood PCR. Out of 151 samples processed for direct tissue PCR, six tissue samples positive for P. multocida by cultural methods were also found to be positive by direct tissue PCR. Conventional cultural method as well as PM-PCR for identification of P. multocida infection in animals and poultry requires minimum 24-48 hrs for identification, while direct blood and tissue PCR gives specific diagnosis within 3 hrs once the sample is received at laboratory. Thus direct application of PCR on blood and tissues will enable to give rapid diagnosis of P. multocida infection during the outbreaks in animals and poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on 30 broiler flocks (organs of 5 birds per flock homogenized as composite or pooled one sample) for cultural isolation, identification, biochemical characterization and antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli (E. coli). All the 30 composite samples (100%) revealed colonies with typical morphology and biochemical characteristics of E. coli. Antibiogram study was conducted by disc diffusion method and results revealed the highest 100% sensitivity to antibiotic colistin followed by amikacin (83.33%) ceftriaxone (80.00%), chloramphenicol (60.00%), cefotaxime (60.00%) gentamicin (53.33%) and norfloxacin (6.66%), while the organisms were highly resistant to norfloxacin (83.33%) followed by gentamicin (46.66%). In addition, all the 30 E. coli isolates were tested for presence of virulence associated genes, i.e., iss, papC, tsh and vat by PCR using gene specific primers. Result showed the highest prevalence of iss gene 26/30 (86.66%) followed by vat 24/30 (80.00%), tsh 16/30 (53.33%) and papC 9/30 (30.00%) in the flocks tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to determine the haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler birds suspected for chicken infectious anaemia (CIA) belonging to 25 commercial farms in and around Anand district. The broiler birds having 10 per cent or above variation in body size were selected for the study. The haematological parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC and PCV were analysed by automatic blood analyser and the differential leukocyte count (DLC) was carried out manually. The biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN, Serum creatinine, AKP and Serum uric acid were analysed on chemistry analyzer BS-120 by using Coral diagnostic kits. The haematological parameters like Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC were found significantly lower in CIA suspected birds as compared to healthy ones. The DLC showed higher value of heterophil and lower value of lymphocyte with no increase or decrease in monocyte and eosinophil count. Whereas, H:L ratio was found significantly higher in suspected birds as compared to healthy birds. The biochemical parameter like AST, ALT, BUN, serum creatinine, AKP and serum uric acid were found significantly higher in suspected birds as compared to healthy birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that still constitutes a major public health problem in India. In the current study, Brucella were isolated from aborted samples and typed by both molecular and conventional techniques. A total 114 aborted samples were collected from cows and buffaloes in and around Anand district. Aborted samples were cultured on the Brucella agar medium and incubated for 24-48 h. Three samples from cow were found to be positive for Brucella. All the isolates were positive for catalase, oxidase and nitrate reduction while negative for urease reaction, indole test, VP test, motility examination and production of H2S. For the detection of Brucella DNA by PCR, three different genus-specific primer pairs viz., B4/B5, JPF/JPR, and F4/R2 were used. All three Brucella isolates were positive by B4/B5 and F4/R2, while two isolates were positive for JPF/JPR. For species-level identification of Brucella isolates were subjected to AMOS PCR and Bruce-ladder PCR, and were found to be B. abortus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out on 50 vaginal secretions/aspirates/discharge samples collected aseptically using syringe and pipette method from infertile (anestrus; endometritic, n = 6 each) buffaloes of villages nearby Anand and healthy cyclic (n = 5; proestus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus) as well as 3, 6 and 9 month pregnant (n = 6 each) buffaloes of University farm to identify the vaginal microorganisms based on routine cultural examination. In all 117 bacterial isolates were recovered from all 50 vaginal samples (100 %) of 35 buffaloes during different physio-pathological status. The bacteria isolated from vaginal mucus/aspirates of buffaloes during the follicular phase comprised Corynebacterium spp. as the most predominant isolate (28.57%) followed by E. coli, Bacillus Spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., and vaginal yeast, whereas during the luteal phase, the most predominant bacteria were E. coli (23.33%) followed by Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp. In acyclic buffaloes, the most predominant bacteria isolated were Corynebacterium spp. (21.43%) Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli and Salmonella spp., whereas the endometritic buffaloes evinced the most predominant bacterial isolates as Corynebacterium spp. and E. coli (20.00% each) followed by Bacillus spp., Salmonella, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp. The major bacteria isolated during the entire period of pregnancy were E. coli, Micrococcus, Corynbacterium Spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus. This study concludes rich bacterial diversity in the vagina of buffaloes during different physio-pathological status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among 1046 infertile breedable bovines screened in different sexual health camps in and around Anand district during one year, the prevalence of repeat breeding and genital infection was found to be 17.97 and 17.11%, respectively. The representative 23 HF crossbred infertile cows from within Anand taluka were selected for cultural examination, antibiotics sensitivity of isolates and accordingly, the treatment and pregnancy follow up. The cultural isolation of CVM/genital discharges from 23 crossbred cows revealed bacterial growth in 65.22 (15) % samples; the Gram +ve Bacilli Spp. was prevalent to the highest extent (38.10%; 8) followed by Corynebacterium Spp. (23.81%, 5). All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to enrofloxacin followed by cefotaxime and tetracycline (73.33% each), while they were resistant to tyrosin. Among the culturally positive cases, use of effective drugs resulted in overall three cycles pregnancy rate of 86.66 (13/15) %, while in culturally sterile cases it was 50 (4/8)%, showing the utility of antibiotics sensitivity testing in managing infertile animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty healthy advanced pregnant crossbred (HF x K) cows of 2-4 parity were included in the study from 2 weeks prepartum to 8 weeks postpartum. They were equally divided in to control (routine farm feeding-RFF) and treatment (RFF plus area specific multi-minerals @ 50 g/h/d and bypass fat @ 100-200 g/h/d) groups to evaluate the effect of bypass fat and minerals supplementation on plasma metabolites and hormonal profile and postpartum fertility. The plasma levels of T3 increased (P<0.01) on the day of calving and then abruptly dropped till day 14 postpartum as compared to levels at other periods, while T4 decreased (P<0.05) consistently throughout the study period particularly in control group. However, the influence of nutritional supplementation was found to be non-significant on both these hormones. The blood glucose levels were at peak concurrent to highest plasma cortisol on the day of calving. The cows under supplemented group had significantly (p<0.01) higher mean blood glucose (64.51±3.10 vs 59.13±3.06 mg/dl) and cortisol (16.19±2.51vs 11.23±1.34 ng/ml)than the control cows. The mean plasma levels of NEFA increased from day 14 prepartum to the highest (p<0.01) on the day of calving and thereafter reduced in postpartum days in both the groups with significantly higher mean value in supplemented than control group (0.58±0.09 vs 0.47±0.07 mmol/l). The prepartum plasma BHBA also increased as parturition approached, continued to increase further in the early postpartum period to reach a peak (1.21±0.09 and 0.87±0.04 mmol/l for control and treatment group) (p<0.01) on day 14, and thereafter decreased. In general, the plasma NEFA, BHBA, cortisol and glucose levels were found to be higher in the cows of nutrient supplemented group which had lesser time intervals for expressing first postpartum estrus and service period with better pregnancy rate. Thus the nutrient supplementation during transition period was beneficial in maintaining energy status of the cows and improved reproductive performance postpartum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]