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Background: Telehealth was first used in 1998 and refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to provide rehabilitation services at a distance. In 2014, the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) acknowledged telehealth as an appropriate service delivery model for occupational therapy (OT) services. The WFOT published a telehealth position statement, which defined telehealth as "the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to deliver health-related services when the provider and the client are in different physical locations." Objective: The purpose of this review was to analyze the empirical studies on teletherapy in OT over the past 20 years in India and then propose recommendations for future research. This review study was guided by the following research question: What literature exists on telehealth in OT in India? Study Design: A review of literature. Methods: A systematic process was used to search the literature for this review. First, the data sources were identified. The database included Scopus, PubMed, Eric, Emerald, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect, and gray literature (books, unpublished papers, doctoral dissertations, etc.) was done using Google Scholar. Quantitative and qualitative studies were included in the review using Petticrew and Roberts (2006) as the basis. The next step included criteria for assessing the quality of the studies. The search keyword strings were "occupational-therapy" AND "teletherapy," OR "tele rehabilitation," OR "telehealth," OR "virtual-therapy," OR "online-therapy," OR "teleconsultation" AND "India," which appeared in the title, abstract, or keyword fields. The third step included data interpretation and analysis findings. The publication descriptor data were summarized after critical appraisal, study period, research theme, and research method. Certain criteria were followed to select the studies like, only full text journal articles available in English, studies that were produced from January 2001 to December 2021. Recurring themes were identified from the empirical research. Results: We went through all the databases (PubMed, Scopus, Eric, Emerald, EBSCO, Science Direct, and APA Psycinfo) where the total number of identified articles from the searches of these databases was 2260. Duplicate references were removed. We further excluded articles by reading the title, abstracts, and complete articles of the study. The final number of articles in the analysis was five. Conclusion: This study helped to identify the gaps with the intent to inform practice, policy, and future research by comprehensively synthesizing evidence to map a broad, complex, or emerging field of telehealth in OT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transforming occupational therapy (OT) practices and services to be more inclusive and political so that everyone has an opportunity to engage with meaningful occupations to advance their health and wellbeing is critical. An occupational justice framework locates occupations in a socio-cultural-historical context influencing the community or person's choice and participation. Communities marginalized due to socio-cultural-historical context struggle with participating in preferred occupations, which in turn affects their well-being and sense of self. Patriarchy, Gender binarism, Heteronormativity, Ableism, Casteism, and Classism are some dominant systems of oppression that affect how communities and people choose and participate in occupations. As occupational therapists and researchers, it becomes imperative to understand the experience of marginalized communities to contextualize interventions and evaluations to address the cultural practices of oppression. Objective: To understand how marginalized identity locations are represented in the Indian Journal of OT (IJOT). Study Design: A scoping review. Methods: Arksey and O'Malley's methodology was used to review research papers published in the IJOT from January 2012 to April 2022. Results: Disabled people have been the most represented in the last decade. Women's experiences are represented as lesser than that of men. Within studies focusing on disabilities, men's experiences are represented more than women's. There are two papers in the last decade that focus on Adivasi people. Lesbian, Gay, Trans, Queer, Intersex, Bisexual, and Asexual + communities are absent from OT research in the IJOT. Dalits and Bahujans are also absent from research. Few studies use the person-centered model of intervention by partnering with clients, whereas most studies use a medical model where the therapist is the only expert. Conclusion: In this study, we derive three themes to explore possible explanations on why marginalized communities are underrepresented. These themes of "unconscious bias," "history repeats itself" and "medical model of research" help us understand factors we need to reflect on as OT researchers and therapists as we engage with communities and people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical record keeping is a systematic method of documentation of a single patient's medical history and treatment record over time). It is crucial from multiple perspectives: patients, health care providers, medical research, etc. Conventinally, these records have been made with pen and paper. However, recent advances have led to the development of e-health record systems (EHRS). Objective: The primary objective is to describe our experiences at NeuroGen, where we have used all methods of patient documentation including traditional paper-pen method, video documentation, and EHRS. The secondary objective is to present the advantages and limitations of the different record keeping methods. Study Design: This is an interview-based descriptive study. Methods: We designed and conducted a questionnaire to compare traditional methods versus EHRS that was administered to 40 of our health care providers to obtain their feedback. We hereby present the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and EHRS based on the questionnaire. Results: The poster highlights that the EHRS when combined with video recording, whcich we are currently using at NeuroGen, vary in benefits and limitations, benefits outweighing the limitations. Conclusion: We conclude that despite the limitations of EHRS, traditional methods will soon have to be replaced and therefore recommend adaptation to the electronic health record system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational therapy education is accountable to society for producing skilled practitioners and to higher education for achieving educational goals. The active learning method has been associated with improvements in academic performance increased student feelings of empowerment and engagement increased attendance, student cooperation, and improved inter-professional teamwork skills. Occupational therapy students, on the other hand, prefer lecture-based learning. However, the evidence for the efficacy of many instructional methods in occupational therapy education is lacking. As a result, it is reasonable to compare the efficacy of various instructional methods in achieving learning outcomes. Hence, the use of passive versus active learning is one such comparison. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare active learning with passive learning in the occupational therapy education process. Study Design: This was a quasi-experimental pilot study design. Methods: Total number of (n = 22) participants which was divided into an experimental group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 11) were selected from Goa. The experimental group used the active learning method by teaching peers (others), whereas the control group received passive learning by the traditional lecture method by the teachers, and both groups covered the same syllabus topic. Objective measures were used to assess learning outcomes, with 20 multiple-choice questions administered pre-and posttest. Results: The study's findings revealed a substantial difference between the experimental and control groups. The results revealed a substantial difference in the pre and posttest scores in both groups, but more in the experimental group (P ≤ 0.05) than in the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both active and passive learning processes are beneficial in the occupational therapy education process, with the active learning process outperforming the passive process learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stress can cause a significant impact on social and occupational participation to the extent that is significant clinically. This study thus aims to verify any correlation among self-reported mindfulness, perceived stress, and psychological well-being among individuals in intimacy versus isolation (19-40 years) and generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) stage of Erick Erikson's classification of development. Objectives: (1) To measure psychological well-being, mindfulness, and perceived stress in people from the two developmental stages. (2) To study the correlation between psychological factors (the six dimensions of psychological well-being and mindfulness) with stress in each group. (3) To compare between these two developmental stages and the relationship between psychological factors and stress. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: Males and females belonging to intimacy versus isolation (19-40 years) and generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) stage of Erick Erikson's classification of development were included in the study. Paper-based version of perceived stress scale, mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), and Ryff's psychological well-being scale were administered. The scores of perceived stress scale, MAAS, and Ryff's psychological well-being were compared. Results: individuals belonging to the intimacy versus isolation stage showed higher scores on stress and lower scores on mindfulness as compared to individuals in generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) stage of development. Conclusions: Individuals who are more mindful experience less stress. Thus, practicing mindfulness can help deal with stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Literature in multiple sclerosis (MS) has consistently focused on physical limitations. Recently, research has expanded to the cognitive impairments of MS. Social cognition is increasingly recognized to be an important feature of cognitive impairment in several neurological conditions including MS. Considering research in social cognition in MS, none yet have highlighted the connection between social cognition and social skills. Identifying this gap, this study aims to determine if any such correlation exists keeping in mind the pathophysiological nature of MS. The purpose of the study is to understand the effects of multiple sclerosis on social cognition and to assess the correlation between social cognition and social skills in MS. Objective: The primary objective of the study was to identify and analyze the correlation between social cognition and social skills in multiple sclerosis. The secondary aim was to understand the effect of multiple sclerosis on social cognition and social skills. Study Design: This was a quantitative-based cross-sectional study. Methods: Ten patients, male/female, aged 18-55 years with good English comprehension skills, currently not in the relapsing stage of MS after screening for cognitive deficits on Montreal Cognitive Assessment (cut off >25) were assessed for social cognition and social skills on Faux Pas Recognition Test (PFRT) and Vellore Assessment of Social Performance (VASP), respectively. The test scores of PFRT and VASP were analyzed for Pearson's correlation. Results: Results of the study demonstrated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.68, P = 0.02) between social cognition and social skills in MS, as measured by FPRT and VASP tests, respectively. This evidence suggests that social cognition is affected in MS and negatively influences social skills in this population. Conclusion: Social cognition impairment affects the social skills of MS patients. The study highlighted the need to assess the effects of social cognition on social skills and functioning. The study further implies that the occupational therapy intervention framework for multiple sclerosis should include social skills training in the protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Specialized resisted strengthening activities to improve handwriting legibility are the process of training prewriting skills. Children can do activities of hand function. When a child develops finger strength, their hand strength also improves. These easy hand exercises can help a child develop fine motor skills and strengthen their hands. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the level of handwriting legibility in the control group and experimental group using the Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting (ETCH) Scale and to compare the effect of specialized resisted strengthening activities in the experimental group than with the control group. Study Design: This was a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: A total of 30 autism children were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The samples were split into two groups, each with 15 samples: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received 3 months of 12 sessions, each session of 45 min of specialized resisted strengthening activities individually whereas the control group did not receive specialized resisted strengthening activities but occupational therapy that excludes these specialized resisted strengthening activities. The pretest and posttest were assessed by the ETCH scale in both groups; the outcome of the posttest was investigated. Results: The results showed that the comparison of pretest and posttest mean scores of handwriting legibility in the experimental group was significantly effective after implementing resisted strengthening activities (P = 0.000 [significant]; 95% confidence interval CI: 71.13, 76.91). Conclusion: This study proves that specialized resisted strengthening activities can be used as an effective intervention to improve handwriting legibility in autism spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social inclusion is described as the process of improving the terms of participation in society, particularly for disadvantaged individuals. This includes the capacity to make friends, participate in community activities, engage in leisure, and play, and have access to outstanding inclusive classroom practices. Social isolation of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is well documented in research and inclusive education as a policy that strives to achieve full participation of all children in the school/classroom setting. However, it is not very well known about "What literature exists on social inclusion of children with autism in educational settings?" Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to analyze empirical studies on social inclusion of children with ASD in the educational settings over the past 20 years. Study Design: This was a scoping review. Methods: A systematic process was used to conduct the review as suggested by Arksey and O'Malley strategy for scoping review. This strategy consists of five main steps: (a) identifying the research question, (b) identifying relevant studies, (c) selection of critical articles, (d) reviewing and charting the data, and (e) collating and summarizing the results. A total of more than 15,000 articles were searched in a total of 4 databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, ERIC, and Cochrane, and used Google Scholar as the search engine. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses model was followed to shortlist the articles based on title, abstract, and full article. Finally, 39 selected articles were summarized. Results: This scoping review study highlights the literature on social inclusion of ASD children and summarizes a variety of studies that help us better understand the issues that teachers and children face in the inclusion environment. The studies also describe how inclusion enhances social communication in ASD children. Conclusion: This study helped us to find experiences, key concepts, evidence types, and research gaps by synthesizing current knowledge through systematic search to appraise the stakeholders for social inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common cause of chronic childhood disability and constitutes a substantial portion of paediatric occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) practices. An analysis of current rehabilitation practices is necessary to use more recent, evidence-based, and effective treatment modalities. This study intends to explore the current rehabilitation trends in assessing and planning interventions for children with CP in India and finding the focus and gaps in treatment. Objectives: To describe the focus of therapy practices in OT and PT for children with CP and better understand whether it is congruent with recommended practices. Study Design: A cross-sectional survey. Methods: An India-wide web-based survey on "Rehabilitation services for children with CP: A survey of what we do and how we individualize treatment for different children" (self-designed questionnaire) was completed by 50 occupational and 12 physical therapists to identify assessments and treatment interventions based on their clinical practice. Data were coded using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) definitions for "body functions and structure," "activity and participation," and "environment." Descriptive and quantitative statistics were used to identify the focus and gaps. Results: Both professions focused primarily on body structure and function assessment (OT: 28 [56%] and PT: 8 [66.7%]) when assessing and intervening. "Activity and participation" related assessment was focussed more by physiotherapists 4 (33.3%) than occupational therapists 15 (30%). Majority 44 (71.09%) of the therapists chose interventions that came under the ICF category: Activity and participation. While the percentage of therapists focussing on body structure and function and contextual factors interventions were 28 (45.02%) and 32 (52.27%), respectively. Attention, however, was mainly directed toward task-oriented activities such as activities of daily living and mobility 49 (79%). Participation in leisure or community-based activities received comparatively least attention 35 (56.5%). The environment received limited attention for assessments, although it was an important focus of intervention (environment modifications: 47 [75.8%]). OTs focused more on sensory components (U = 173.000, P = 0.019, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.017 to 0.022, mdn = 1.00) and, PTs focused more on gait (U = 192.000, P = 0.046, 95% CI: 0.0.039 to 0.047, mdn = 2.00) and trunk impairment (U = 129.000, P = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.0.000 to 0.001, mdn = 1.00). Conclusion: While body functions and structure are well-addressed, other ICF elements, specifically participation, are poorly integrated into practice. The emerging focus on the environment in therapy intervention, by modifying the context rather than changing aspects of the child, is consistent with current approaches and evidence. Knowledge translation implementation initiatives are recommended to bridge identified gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational stress is a change in one's physical or mental state in response to workplace that pose an appraised challenge or threat to that employee and it is common to each and every organization at various levels of hierarchy. The healthcare professionals are no exception to this. Thus this study was done to determine the work related stress among healthcare professionals in Goa, India. Objective: To determine the occupational stress factors of healthcare professionals in Goa, using the questionnaire of Occupational stress index scale. Study Design: A cross sectional quantitative study design was chosen for the study. Methods: The nonprobability convenient sampling method was adopted to recruit the health care professionals practicing in Goa. Results: Healthcare professionals (n=40) practicing in Goa, aged above 20 years, both males and females were included in the study. According to the findings, 38% of participants were highly stressed, and 32% were moderately stressed. The factors significantly contributing to occupational stress were found to be role overload (mean=20.55), role conflict (mean=14.84), unreasonable group and political pressure (mean =13.67), strenuous working conditions (mean=13.2), under participation (mean =11.5) and role ambiguity (mean=11.4). Conclusion: The study concludes that the healthcare professionals in Goa, have significant work related stress and is mainly due to the the brain. Principal targets of this therapy are the motor thalamus (Vo & Vim) and the Globus Pallidus Interna (GPi), two areas of the brain involved in movement. RF procedures continue to play a role even in patients for whom DBS is the ideal surgery but is contraindicated or who would have difficulty maintaining the DBS device. This is also very cost-effective and in well selected cases, the results are excellent. role overload, role conflict, unreasonable group and political pressure, strenuous working conditions, under participation and role ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As aging is associated with lower quality of life (QOL), it is important to determine overall QOL and its related factors among older adults. Studies have shown that gender plays an essential role in the perception of health across cultures. As very few studies has been conducted on gender disparity in the elderly in India. Thus, the study was conducted to assess the differences in QOL and subjective happiness between male and female community-dwelling elderly. Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the differences in QOL and subjective happiness between male and female community-dwelling elderly in India. Study Design: The study design involves a cross-sectional survey. Methods: The data were collected from community-dwelling elderly (>60 years of age) based on convenient sampling. QOL and subjective happiness were tested by World Health Organization QOL (WHOQOL)-BREF and the Subjective Happiness Questionnaire. Informed consent was taken before administering the study-specific questionnaire via mail, telephone, or in person. Only completed questionnaires were used. Data hence collected were analyzed. Results: The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, whereas the differences between gender on QOL and happiness were computed using the t-test and Mann--Whitney test, respectively. Gender and educational qualification correlated with QOL measure WHOQOL (P = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.014, 0.527). Furthermore, a positive correlation (P = 0.01; 95% CI: 0.994, 0.998) was found between WHOQOL-BREF and the Subjective Happiness Questionnaire. For the overall QOL and general health section in WHOQOL-BREF, males scored a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 3.825 ± 0.71 and 3.275 ± 1.15, whereas females scored a mean ± SD of 3.875 ± 0.56 and 3.35 ± 1.21. For the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF except for domain 4 (t = 2.17; 95% CI: 26.13, 28.06), mean ± SD (27.10 ± 4.35), (P = 0.033), and Subjective Happiness questionnaire, the differences in the means of elderly males and females were nonsignificant on Mann--Whitney test. Conclusion: This study shows that gender-related factors influence specific areas of QOL, such as females scoring less in physical and psychological factors, whereas scoring better than males in social relationship and environment areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to, and participation in, occupation is necessary for human health and well-being. However, humans exist in a socio-political-cultural context, which has the potential to systemically and structurally impede occupational engagement. Within the Indian milieu, caste is one dimension of the socio-political context impacting people's occupational participation, depriving them of the choice for agency in their occupation. We begin with a brief history of the caste system in India, before considering the effects of caste on everyday occupation within the domains of education, media, and manual scavenging. Drawing on these examples, it is argued that caste creates a context that perpetuates occupational injustice. Taking learnings from the anti-racism movement, suggestions are offered for how occupational therapists and researchers might bear witness to and respond to caste in their work, both with clients and in their own lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Relationship between quality of life (QOL) and occupational performance in post-retired employees needs research as there is limited research evidence. Objectives: To find out the physical, psychological, and social relationship, environment, and occupational performance for postretired employees and to find out how do they value their functions and their occupational performance. Study Design: This is a survey study Methods: The survey was conducted on individuals ofage group between 60 and75 years; both genders were included for this study; and this study was done in and around Coimbatore. A total number of 50 samples were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Measure Abbreviated Version (WHO-QOL-BREF) was used to measure the QOL, and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was administered to identify the occupational performance problems, and thereby, performance' satisfaction scores are calculated. The correlation shows a positive correlation; this is significant at level 0.05. Here, on correlating BREF scale and COPM scale, only four components are correlated and the correlation is positive correlation Results: The correlation between the performance and social relationship showed a significant value (P < 0.05) and the correlation between performance and environment also showed a significant value (P < 0.033). The correlation between satisfaction and psychological (P < 0.042) and the correlation between satisfaction and social relationships also showed a significant value (P < 0.002). The results of this research support the idea that working after retirement affects the QOL with different mechanisms. Therefore, it concludes there is a correlation of QOL and occupational performance and result shows a positive correlation. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a positive correlation between QOL and occupational performance. It also concluded that there is a positive correlation between social relationship and environment with performance as well as psychological components and social relationship with satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parents of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are believed to experience high levels of distress, including increased anxiety, depression, and trauma symptoms, as compared to parents of healthy infants. Mothers nursing infant in the NICU experience stress due to the presence of various equipment and environment in the NICU. This stress also affects breastfeeding ability in nursing mothers. The purpose of occupational therapy intervention is to reduce stressful conditions and improve breastfeeding efficacy. Application of person-environment-occupation (PEO) model as a framework for illuminating the acquisition of parenting occupations in the NICU. The concept of PEO has enhanced the better outcome in the NICU intervention. The study evaluates the effect of PEO on parental stress level and breastfeeding efficacy in mothers of preterm infants. Objectives: (1) To describe the level and sources of stress experienced by the parents of infants admitted to an NICU, (2) to implement PEO model intervention for examining breastfeeding efficacy, (3) to implement PEO intervention model for preterm neonates. Study Design: This was an experimental, comparative, randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. The mothers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study (sample size 52). They were assessed on Edinburg postpartum depression scale and parental stress scales, along with breastfeeding efficacy scale after 7 days of admission of their preterm neonates (gestational age between 28 and 36 weeks). They were allocated into control group and experimental group using lottery method. Control group received regular occupational therapy intervention, whereas experimental group received intervention based on the PEO model. Follow-up was taken after 15 days and at the time of discharge. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement in breastfeeding efficacy and reducing stress and thus improved their self-confidence after the PEO intervention program than the control group. The difference on breastfeeding self-efficacy scale was remarkable. Conclusions: PEO model is efficacious to reduce anxiety and depression of mother of preterm neonate and also improves breastfeeding efficacy. When the PEO model is used, the improvement is faster and good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep and happiness play an important role in the functioning of a person. This study investigated the association between sleep and happiness among nurses and also studied if individual personality traits play a role. Objectives: To measure perceived stress, sleep, happiness and personality trait among nurses & To analyze the relationship between the sleep, happiness and personality trait. Study Design: A cross-sectional study design was chosen for the research. Methods: Thirty nursing staff (females, aged 22-53 years) were selected for the study. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used for screening stress. Those who scored low (0-13) on the PSS were included in the study. Written informed consent was obtained. Sleep quality, happiness, and personality traits were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and Big Five Personality Test, respectively. Scores were analyzed using MedCalc Statistical Software. Results: The mean age of nursing staff with good sleep was 28 years and that with poor sleep was 36 years. It was found that 63% of nursing staff had poor sleep and 37% had good sleep. Among nursing staff with good sleep, 36% were unhappy and 64% were happy. Among nursing staff with poor sleep, 47.7% were unhappy and 52.6% were happy. The mean score for neuroticism was higher in patients with poor sleep (f-test, P = 0.003, 95% confidence interval: -7.96 to -1.76). Conclusions: Nursing staff with good sleep were happier compared to nurses with poor sleep though the difference was not significant. Sleep disturbances increased with age among nurses. The personality trait of neuroticism was higher in patients with poor sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most of elderly adults are suffering from depression and can cause difficulty in their self-care, increased fatigue, loss of appetite, and lack of interest in daily roles and routines leading to decreased occupational performance. Many researches focus on exercise or aerobics through physical activities. Although exercise is associated with depression relief, the effects of mental aerobic training (MA) interventions on elderly depressed patients have not been clearly supported. This study will help in knowing the effect of MA s training on improving occupational performance in older adults with depression. Hence, this study has been initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of MA training as an intervention strategy to improve occupational performance in older adults with depression. Objectives: (1) To assess the level of depression among older adults, (2) To assess the occupational performance of older adults with depression, and (3) To compare the effect of MA training on depression and occupational performance. Study Design: The present study was done using quasi-experimental study. Methods: Screening tools: 1. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) 2. Model of human occupation Occupational Self-Assessment Scale. Subjects: Total number of 30 subjects were selected in the age group above 60 years and below 74 years. The subjects were selected by convenient sampling. Patients with depression scale between 8--18 using HAM-D (mild-to-moderate depression) Procedure: Control group was given recreational activities and MA training was scheduled and administered to the experimental group. The groups were given MA training weekly 3 sessions for 4 weeks. Each session lasted for 45 min to 1 h. Results: The results were obtained after the data were subjected to statistical analysis using parametric t-test (paired and unpaired t-test). Posttest showed a significant difference compared to the pretest values. Unpaired test was used to analyze the pretest scores of experimental and control groups. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference (t = 3.5859, P < 0.05) between the posttest scores of the control and experimental groups. Paired t-test was used to analyze the pretest and posttest scores for the control and experimental group. The results revealed that there was a statistically significance difference in occupational performance (Competence) t = 8.0233, P < 0.05 and occupational performance (Value) 't'=11.188291, P < 0.05 between the pretest and posttest scores of experimental groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that MA training was effective in improving the occupational performance of older adults with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preterm infant survival rates have been dramatically increasing for the past two decades due to specialized care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). However, the length of stay in the NICU for premature infants has extended to include treatment for medical complications associated with premature birth. The literature suggests that the mechanical environment of the NICU can be overwhelming for both the mother's and the infant's development (1). Hence, it might negatively influence caregiving and parent-infant interaction during the NICU stay. Parents' participation in the NICU is crucial during this critical period as it directly contributes to the infant's development. Occupational therapists working in the NICU usually support parents and infants to promote parent-child interaction, parental participation, and early intervention care in the NICU (2). However, very little is known about strategies to facilitate parent-infant interaction in the NICU. Aim: To map the existing literature pertaining to parent-infant interaction in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Method: In this scoping review, we are using Arksey and O'Malley's framework to carry out the study, along with Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines (3) for refinement. The recent Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis -- Extensions for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) were used to guide the reporting. CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases were searched from December 2012 to December 2022 to retrieve relevant articles based on the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) format, and the search strategies were based on the identified key terms. All relevant items were identified and uploaded to the Mendeley Software for duplicate removal. Then, all the items were exported to Rayyan Software for title and abstract screening. The articles included in the study were downloaded in full text, and data extraction was performed based on predefined data charting to analyze the data. Result: A descriptive analysis was conducted to summarize the studies. A total of 44 articles were included in this study. The study identified a total of nine strategies in NICUs to facilitate parent-infant interaction. These strategies include delivery room cuddles and early contact (n=3), skin-to-skin contact (Kangaroo mother care) (n=15), non-skin-to-skin (blanket holding) (n=1), multi-sensory stimulation (n=4), communication and self-regulation (n=5), parental massage (n=4), music therapy (n=8), caregiving daily routine and active involvement (n=5), and environmental factors (n=2). Conclusion: The inclusion of various strategies to promote parent-infant interaction in NICU care would enhance the overall health and well-being of infants and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions worldwide as we enter the new millennium. The World Health Organization has commented, there is "an apparent epidemic of diabetes which is strongly related to lifestyle and economic change". The prevalence of diabetes for all age groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. Over the course of living with diabetes, more than 70% of patients will suffer a heart attack or stroke, 5% experience blindness in one or both eyes, 10% experience amputation of a toe or worse, and 5% must cope with end-stage renal disease. Diabetes is a chronic progressive condition presenting physical, social, and psychological challenges that increase the risk of comorbid mental health problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating a variety of psychological disorders and may potentially improve glycemic control and psychological outcomes in diabetes The other major complications of diabetes are increasing risk of depression, anxiety, stress, and poor quality of life. The combination of CBT and supportive diabetes education is an effective nonpharmacologic treatment for major depression in patients with diabetes 2 diabetes. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy intervention in the reduction of depression among diabetic adults. Study Design: Quasi-experimental design was used for the research. Methods: A total of 60 diabetic type 2 patients (both male and females, aged 40--60 years) were identified in Dr. Jeyasekharan Multispecialty Hospital, Department of Occupational Therapy, outpatient services, using purposive convenience sampling research design and allocated 30 patients into an experimental group (intervention), 30 patients into control group (no intervention). The pre/postevaluation of depression, anxiety, and stress levels of both groups was done through DASS21, the experimental group was received CBT and supportive diabetes education for 3 months of the intervention period. Patients in the control group did not receive any occupational therapy intervention and the postevaluation was done. Results: Patients analyzed in the experimental group were n = 30 and the control group were n = 30. Preevaluation shows there is no significant differences were found in the unpaired t-test mean score ± 4SD for the experimental vs. control group as 32 ± 1.396 vs. 36 ± 1.389 (P = 4.27), 95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.604--33.396), however, the postevaluation of the experimental group showed significant differences after CBT. The differences in the two groups were significant in unpaired "t" test mean score ± 3SD for the experimental group versus control as 15 ± 1.159 vs. 37 ± 1.159 (P < 0.05), 95% CI: 13.841--16.159). The result shows that there were significant differences among both groups and reductions of depression among the experimental groups revealed. No adverse reactions to therapy were observed. Conclusion: CBT is beneficial in reducing depression in adults with diabetes. It may have enhanced for improving glycemic control and other aspects of psychological well-being and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Premature birth is an unanticipated event, and it causes concerns for parents about their infant's medical complications and cares in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Usually, during the NICU stay and even at home, mothers are the primary caregivers. Mothers need to adapt to their new maternal roles and continuously adapt to the different challenges that this role brings to them both in the stressful NICU environment and even after transitioning to their homes. Studies have shown that mothers get overwhelmed and sometimes anxious (Veronez et al., 2017) during this admission to the NICU due to the demands of taking care of a medically unstable infant. In addition, once the infant is stable enough, they need to be ready to take their infant home and care for them there, without the support of the medical personnel. While all of these lead to mothers becoming stressed (Gibbs, Boshoff, and Stanley, 2015), it remains unclear how the mothers deal with caring for their NICU infants both in the hospital and at home. Objective: The objective of this study was to understand primigravida mothers' experiences of caring for their preterm infant in the NICU and at home. Study Design: A qualitative descriptive design was used to conduct the study. Methods: Six preterm mothers were interviewed through offline and online modes using a semi-structured interview guide developed based on a review of the relevant literature. The interviews were audiorecorded and then transcribed verbatim. Following this, an iterative thematic analysis process was used for data analysis. Results: The findings from this study are divided into two themes: concerns and challenges regarding caring for their infant, and their coping strategies and felt needs. The participants reported concerns regarding the infant's condition and environmental factors in NICU and worry about taking care of the infant in NICU and at home. They reported being under confident in caring for the child and the difficulties in balancing their routine and infant care while the child is in NICU and at home. To manage their responsibilities, the mothers took help from the family and other technological support available. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a need for programs or interventions designed to address these concerns of a primimother to a preterm infant admitted in NICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyscalculia is a specific, persistent difficulty in understanding arithmetic's which can lead to an adverse range of difficulties with mathematics and may have an impact on the quality of life. According to Mogasale et al.,[2] the prevalence of specific learning disabilities among primary school children in a South Indian city was 15.17% in sampled children, whereas 10.5% had dyscalculia. Occupational therapy intervention for dyscalculia lies in early identification, especially in educational areas, and treatment using the best available methods such as sensory integration therapy. Objectives: The objective of this study was to find the effectiveness of multisensory occupational therapy intervention as applicable to primary school children who are in risk of dyscalculia. Study Design: This was a one-arm pretest--posttest design. Methods: On the basis of selection criteria, 26 samples (11 girls and 15 boys) were selected using Numeracy Screener by administering it to small groups of children, each consists of 5 members total 12 groups (also used as pretherapy assessment), aged between 5 and 10 years. Multisensory approaches were used in the intervention program for the time duration of 40 min for 3 months (24 sessions, 2/week). The outcome measures were once again measured after the intervention program. Results: Children included in this study were N = 26. In the case of pre and posttest, posttest (21.54 ± 4.47) scored higher mean value than the pretest (15.40 ± 4.16). The calculated "t" value is 17.511 and the probability value is 0.001 at 0.01 level of significance. Hence, it is concluded that there is a statistically significant level of difference between the pre and posttest mean scores of Numeracy Screener on primary school children. No adverse reaction was observed due to the therapy. Conclusion: The study concludes that children who taught mathematical concepts using multisensory approaches shown higher levels of arithmetic achievements, which proves that framed occupational therapy intervention for dyscalculia is effective among primary school children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive impairment increases the difficulty of rehabilitation. Therapeutic approach involving cognitive rehabilitation using an integrated treatment method is essential. Clinical use of Computer Assisted Cognitive rehabilitation (CACR) has increased in the treatment of neurological patients since its level of difficulty can be adjusted to suit an individual's cognitive level, which reduces treatment time and costs. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the effect of mobile-based programs in improving cognitive skills among patients with stroke. Study Design: This was a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: Twenty people diagnosed with stroke (Stage III or IV from Brunnstrom stages) were selected based on a convenient sampling method and were separated into two groups. The experimental group (n = 10) received the mobile-based programs for 36 sessions with 45 min each, whereas the control group received conventional therapy for the same time period. MMSE (mini--mental status examination) and Lawton IADL were used as outcome measures. Results: The study resulted that the CACR was effective among people with stroke and thus it has shown considerable changes in cognitive and self-care skills. Furthermore, it resulted that the CACR had a significant impact on cognition and self-care skills when compared to conventional therapy (P < 0.005). Conclusion: This study concluded that CACR had an impact on cognitive abilities and self-care skills. Hence, CACR can be used as a new therapy modality in treating people with stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: "Cultural competence" in health-care entails: understanding the importance of social and cultural influences on patients' health beliefs and behavior; considering how these factors interact at multiple levels of the health-care delivery system (e.g., at the level of structural processes of care or clinical decision-making); and, finally, devising interventions that take these issues into account to assure quality health-care delivery to diverse patient populations. India being a secular country with immense diversity and culture, so it becomes really important for the therapist to have a deep understanding of the client's culture and influences, to device appropriate treatment programs, this is where knowledge of contextual competence of occupational therapy practice is importance. To provide quality interventions to patients across the Indian subcontinent, it becomes essential to understand what impact the Indian culture and context has on occupational therapy practice and furthermore improving the quality of services provided. Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the influence of Indian culture on the occupational therapy practice in India. Study Design: This was a descriptive study design. Methods: This study which involved gathering information about the participant's experiences. A qualitative study using phenomenological approach was conducted. Seventeen occupational therapists (n = 17) practicing in India having equal to or more than 5 years of experience were the participants of this study. Nonprobability convenient sampling method was used. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to conduct in-depth interviews to explore the occupational therapist's responses. Results: After analysis 6 themes emerged, which denoted various cultural and contextual influences on the practice, along with challenges that the therapists have to face and the therapist's ways of coping with them. These themes highlighted the need of a culturally specific model and ways of developing it. Patient's attitude toward occupational therapy was also highlighted. Conclusion: This study concluded that culture does have an influence on the practice, and modifications and adaptations are needed to be done to the existing occupational therapy practice and literature to make occupational therapy culturally competent. FUNDING: no funding was acquired from any sources for the purpose of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to see the functional implication of excessive use of smartphones on postural behavior and see the effectiveness of a specially designed intervention (SDI) strategy for modulating postural behavior in patients with cervical spondylosis. Study Design: This was an experimental study. Methods: Experimental control design in which 32 subjects with cervical spondylosis were included in the study. The screening was done for smartphones using smartphone usage survey. The patients using the smartphone for more than 2 h per day were included. The baseline evaluation was done for the cervical spine range of motion and functional status using the Neck Disability Index. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups. With group A, SDI strategy, and group B, the conventional treatment strategy was used for 8 weeks. Results: Between groups, the comparison was done. The mean scores were calculated (mean + standard deviation) for both group A and group B, and the P value was found to be significant (P < 0.05) for group A, for Neck Disability Index ([15.8 + 6.4] and [33.1 + 11.0], P <.001); lateral bending deviation ([3.2 + 2.4] and [5.4 + 1.9], P < 0.008); and lateral rotation deviation ([2.5 + 2.4] and [5.1 + 1.7], P < 0.002) at 8 weeks. Conclusion: The SDI treatment strategy is more effective than conventional strategies for improving pain and functional status and modulating postural behavior in patients with cervical spondylosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mothers of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are believed to experience high levels of distress, which affects breastfeeding ability in nursing mothers. The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model based on environmental behavior approach was used as a tool to enhance coping behavior in mothers of preterm infants. Mothers were assessed for their stress levels and breastfeeding abilities and for environmental barriers and coping skills. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of PEO model as a tool in the intervention of postpartum mothers of preterm infants and on parental stress levels and breastfeeding efficacy. Study Design: A randomized, intervention-controlled study design was chosen for the research. Methods: A total of 52 postpartum mothers of preterm infants of gestational age 28 weeks to 36 weeks from NICU were included using a convenient sampling method using a lottery method for random allocation into two groups. The control group was given counseling regarding breastfeeding, handling, and positioning of infants, and the experimental group received intervention considering their individual environmental barriers and then implementing appropriate solutions with client agreement. The baseline scores were obtained on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Parental Stress Scale: NICU (PSS:NICU), Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BFSES) and followup was taken after 15 day. Results: The experimental group showed a significant reduction in PSS score at 95% confidence interval [CI]: 143.86-158.57 to 95% CI: 124.88-144.95, whereas the control group showed a PSS score at 95% CI: 135.16-151.19 to 95% CI: 127.45-144.62, with P = 1.23. On EPDS, the experimental group showed a score at 95% CI: 15.99-20.22 to 95% CI: 13.16-16.19 and the control group showed a minimal reduction at 95% CI: 14.18-18.81 to 95% CI: 13.75-17.64, with P = 0.65. No infant was able to receive breastfeed preintervention; however, some of them had shown the ability to attach while feeding. This has given the confidence of breastfeeding ability to mothers. Postintervention, the experimental group showed a significant difference in breastfeeding efficacy, with P = 0.0003. Conclusions: PEO intervention model can be recommended for improving mothers' breastfeeding capabilities in preterm neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Falls in older adults can cause severe physical injuries leading to activity restriction and subsequently adding to financial burden. Objectives: The objectives of our study were to assess the fear of falling in older adults living in old-age home, to implement cost-effective environmental modifications in old-age home, and to assess the relationship of fear of falling with activity level and activity restriction in older adults. Study Design: A one-arm interventional study design was chosen for the research. Methods: In this one-arm interventional study, 32 older adults, both males and females, were recruited from an old-age home, after their written informed consent. All the 32 older adults were assessed on the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE) at baseline (preintervention), postintervention at 2 months, and at follow-up of 12 months. The architectural barriers in the old-age home were identified, and cost-effective environmental modifications were implemented. Statistical analyses of the SAFFE scores from baseline to follow-up were done. Results: The results revealed that fear of falling significantly reduced with the implementation of environmental modifications at postintervention at 2 months and at follow-up of 12 months. Fear of falling was positively correlated with the activity restriction (P = 0.0001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.88-0.97) and fear of falling was negatively correlated with activity level (P = 0.0001, 95% CI = -0.97-0.88) at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up. Conclusion: Our study showed that with the implementation of cost-effective environmental modifications, there was a significant reduction of fear of falling among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are nonverbal lack communication skills. These children with ASD are unable to express their needs verbally even if they want to. The introduction of indigenous augmentative and alternative communication system (AAC) can be helpful in improving the social interaction. By using AAC, these children with ASD can easily communicate their needs with parents, teachers, or caregivers. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the importance and need of AVAZ application in special school-going children with ASD. Study Design: A pilot study for short term on small sample was conducted. Methods: A sample of eight special school-going children with ASD was selected. Each child had downloaded AVAZ application trial version on their smartphone from the Google Play Store. The number of sentences formed by the children over a period of 21 days was analyzed. The responses were recorded in the AVAZ application. Results: Percentage improvement was noted in forming relevant sentences through the application of each child from the 1st to 21st session ranging from 28.5% to 40%; five children showed the improvement but three children did not form any sentence neither relevant nor nonrelevant. Conclusion: Our study showed that the use of AVAZ application can be helpful in improving social interaction and can be utilized as a supporting tool for functional communication with others and for the better learning process in children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Driving is associated with independence, but it also exposes a person to harmful situations while on road. Safety becomes an important aspect while assessing an individual's driving ability. This study examined the driving performance of Indian drivers, both young- and middle-aged adults on driving simulator (DS). Three tests were selected on the DS: Ability test 1: clutch, accelerator, brake, and steering assessment; Ability test 2: stopping, precise stopping, hard stopping, and reaction time; and Ability test 3: city driving for 5 min. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess and compare the driving performance in young- and middle-aged Indian adults. Study Design: Observational, analytical study design was chosen for the research - a pilot study on DS. Methods: A total of thirty normal adults were included in this study. Among them, 15 normal adults who were of 20-40 years were called young adults and other 15 who were of 40-60 years were called middle-aged. The inclusion criteria were normal adults with experience of driving four-wheeler for ≥1-year, both male and females, and age >20 years. Exclusion criteria were normal adults who had readily noticeable visual, cognitive, or locomotors impairment which can compromise on the driving ability. The outcome measures were scores from DS software. The test scores were analyzed using unpaired t-test. Results: There were 30 normal adults included in the study (n = 30). In Ability 1, performance on clutch (P = 0.13), brake (P = 0.90), and accelerator (P = 0.97) did not show significant difference between the young and middle age groups; steering (P = 0.00) performance had highly significant difference between young- and middle-aged adults. Middle-aged adults performed better than young adults. In Ability 2, performance for precise stopping (P = 0.01) has shown a significant difference, whereas reaction time (P = 0.008) is highly significant. On the other hand, stopping (P = 0.6) and hard stopping (P = 0.85) do not have a significant difference between the two groups.In city driving (P = 0.00), middle-aged adults performed better than young adults. The level of significance was set at α =0.05 and the confidence interval was at 95%, and the degree of freedom was 28. Conclusion: The performance of driving skills in normal Indian adults on DS is an achievable functional measure. Middle-aged adults are at par with young adults in the simulated operations when checked on the DS for Ability 1, Ability 2, and city driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: De Quervain's tenosynovitis, the most common overuse injury involving the wrist. There is no consensus in the treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis; both surgical and conservative medical management have adverse effects. Myofascial release (MFR) and myofascial taping (MFT) are newer techniques which have been proven effective for other inflammatory and noninflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. Hence, the study was planned to determine and compare the effectiveness of the both the above-mentioned adjunct method along with conventional occupational therapy in the treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare and study the effectiveness of MFT and MFR as an adjunct to conventional occupational therapy treatment in patients with De Quervain's tenosynovitis. Study Design: A prospective, comparative randomized controlled trial was conducted for 18 months. Methods: A total of 31 patients (both males and females aged 20-40 years) diagnosed with De Quervain's tenosynovitis, referred to outpatient department were randomized into two groups after screening by simple random allocation using computerized generated table, patients in MFT group (n = 16, 11 females and 5 males) received MFT along with conventional treatment and patients in MFR group (n = 15, 9 females and 6 males) received MFR along with conventional treatment. They followed up for treatment for 5 weeks, two times a week with each session lasting for 30-40 min. Pain level and functional improvement were evaluated using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score and Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) score, respectively, before therapy and at the end of the 3rd and 5th week of the 5-week therapy program. Results: Both the groups showed significant improvement in pain scores on VAS at the 3rd and 5th weeks (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the values between the two groups at 3rd week, but at the end of 5th week, MFT Group showed significant improvement in pain than MFR Group. Both the groups showed significant improvement in functional scores on PSFS at the 3rd and 5th weeks at value of P < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval. Conclusion: Although both MFT and MFR showed improvement in function and decrease in pain, when compared we could conclude that MFT along with conventional occupational therapy yield significantly better outcome measures in terms of decreasing pain and improving function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The demands of education in our country have led to an increase in the loads children carry on a daily basis to school. Research evidence confirms that excessive loads lead to musculoskeletal problems in children, predisposing them to chronic back pain in adulthood. This problem becomes pertinent in primary school children, owing to the development of the spine at this age. Objectives: This study aims to assess the magnitude of the issue of heavy schoolbags, by measuring schoolbag weights and the factors affecting the ≤10% of body weight recommendation, and the children's perception of discomfort and pain. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design was chosen for the research. Methods: Two schools with different syllabi, Indian Certificate of Secondary Examination and Central Board of Secondary Examination were approached and the schoolbags of children from Grades 1 to 5, aged 6-12-year (n = 776; boys = 402 and girls = 374), were weighed, and followed up over a week. Children were asked to rate their pain on the Faces Pain Scale-Revised and teachers' responses were collected through a teacher reported questionnaire prepared by the authors, which assessed their knowledge and control regarding the issue. Results: Majority of children carried a backpack and a separate lunch bag to and from school. A large percentage, 97.8% of schoolbags, weighed more than the recommended limit of ≤ 10% of the body weight. The mean weight of schoolbags carried was 5.9 ± 1.5 kg. Boys carried on an average 5.91 ± 1.48 kg and girls 5.98 ± 1.55 kg. Forty-eight percent of the children reported that carrying the schoolbag was causing discomfort and musculoskeletal pain and 77% of them reported discomfort at the shoulder region. Faces Pain Scale-Revised score ranged from 2 to 9 with 8 as an average intensity. Eighteen children reported absenteeism from school ranging from 1 to 5 days over the last term. The perception of teachers regarding the problem of schoolbag weights was mixed. Conclusion: This study concludes that heavy schoolbags are a problem in both the schools, with different syllabi. Being forced to carry heavy bags may lead to "schoolbag syndrome" in children. Thus, stringent measures need to be undertaken to reduce the bag burden and protect the health of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Activities of daily living (ADLs) refer to the ongoing behaviors that occur on a daily basis. Such behaviors include eating, cooking, bathing, social interactions (such as leisure activities, attending school or work, or assisting with chores), and other activities that one might routinely expect an individual to perform or participate in. Some of the major ADL tasks include personal hygiene, toileting, dressing, and eating. Researchers have documented delayed self-care performance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parents report their child to have difficulties with feeding and toileting in particular. Objective: This qualitative pilot study endeavored to understand the difficulties faced by the parents of children with ASD in conducting their children's ADL. Study Design: Qualitative descriptive study was chosen for the research. Methods: The qualitative descriptive study included participants (n = 20) whose children were primarily diagnosed as ASD. Convenient sampling method was used for study sample calculation. The study included parents of children of age group between 5 and 9 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 6.9 ± 1.57 months) with intelligence quotient of ≥80%. The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. The parents (fathers = 9 and mothers = 11) were given a semistructured questionnaire to understand difficulties faced by the parents of children with ASD (mean ± SD: 5.56 ± 33.6 months). Results: According to the study, it was observed that most of the parents have reported that their child had maximum difficulties in eating, followed by brushing and grooming and least for toileting. This study also found the priority list of difficulties in ADL. It was noted that early and proper training of the child gives good results in managing a child with ASD. Many parents reported that early training is beneficial. Conclusion: The outcome of this study shows the hierarchy of difficulties in ADL reported by the parents of children with ASD. This study also found that early ADL training gives good results in managing child with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Demonstrated multidisciplinary, scalable, and replicable panchayat models for effective inclusion of persons with disabilities (PwDs) are much needed in a developing country like India, with its 70% of population being rural. Literature on disability suggests a shift in policy thinking from the charity-, medical-, and institutional-based models of disability to social, community-based rehabilitation (CBR), and rights-based models. This study explored in-depth the Community-Based Inclusion and Rehabilitation (CBIR) program model of the Chinmaya Organisation for Rural Development (CORD), a nongovernmental organization working with 1800 PwDs in 100 panchayats of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Objectives: The objectives were to identify PwDs with all types of disabilities in ten selected panchayats associated under the CORD's CBIR program as per the definitions of disabilities under the PWD Act, 1995, and the National Trust Act, 1999, and to explore multidisciplinary, scalable, and replicable aspects and interventions under the CBIR as a model for inclusion of all types of PwDs in rural India with reference to the World Health Organization's (WHO's) CBR matrix. Study Design: This is a descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative study conducted on the CORD's CBIR model with reference to the WHO's CBR matrix. Methods: A convenient sample of ten panchayats out of 100 panchayats under the CORD's CBIR interventions was studied. The principal investigator with a team of two co-researchers and five field facilitators worked as a team to conduct this study. A baseline format with reference to the WHO's CBR matrix was developed and administered for the collection of primary data besides related interviews of PwDs, their families, and related stakeholders. The CORD's CBIR program data, narratives, and focus group discussions were used to supplement the outcomes of this study. Results: This study observed that availability of disabilities specific, disaggregated and recorded government data on PwDs at the panchayat level was poor and non-existent. Primary data of 124 (100%) PwDs among the 4487 households with a total population of 22,438 in ten panchayats were collected and further investigated from April 2017 to March 2018. The findings highlighted 87 (70%) PwDs newly identified during the study, 60 (48%) PwDs below poverty line, and 113 (91%) marginal and socially backward PwDs. The program interventions enrolled 26 (21%) PwDs in schools, 72 (58%) mothers and women with disabilities in community groups, and 44 (35%) PwDs in productive livelihoods locally. Conclusion: There was evident marginalization of PwDs in multiple ways varying from data to dignity issues at the panchayat level. The CORD's CBIR model promotes the "empowering inclusion and development" of PwDs in the mainstream community at the panchayat level. The recent enactment of the comprehensive Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016, covering 21 types of disabilities, further share an opportunity for effective inclusion of PwDs within the existing policies, programs, and development agenda in rural India as well as globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Driving simulator (DS) is frequently used in traffic research in order to study various traffic scenarios with related traffic phenomena. This current pilot study assesses off-road driving skills of Indian drivers using driving simulator and perceptual test batteries such as the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-3 (TVPS-3) and the Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery (RPAB). Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the off-road skills of Indian drivers using DS and comparing their performance on visual perceptual test batteries (TVPS-3 and RPAB). Study Design: An observational cross-sectional study design was chosen for the research. Methods: A sample size of 30 participants, based on convenient sampling method, who met the following inclusion criteria were included: participants with driving experience of ≥1 year, age range: 20--60 years, and no obvious visual and/or physical impairment or other such comorbidities. Participants underwent evaluation in two phases. Phase 1 included screening of participants for inclusion criteria and assessment of screened participants on DS. Driving Simulator: Participants were tested on "city driving test" for 10 min. In Phase 2, after completing assessment on driving simulator, participants were randomly assigned to either of the perceptual tests. By perceptual tests, participants' perceptual abilities were assessed either using RPAB or TVPS-3. Results: The RPAB group had 12 males and 3 females, whereas the TVPS-3 group had 11 males and 4 females. The mean age for the RPAB group was 40.33 ± 11.33 and for the TVPS-3 group was 40 ± 11.06. Pearson's correlation to compare the visual perceptual tests and performance on DS was found to be statistically significant (RPAB group: r = 0.80, P = 0.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50--0.92 and TVPS-3 group: r = 0.82, P = 0.00, 95% CI: 0.56--0.93). The performance of Indian drivers on perceptual tests and driving simulator is highly correlated. Conclusion: There is a strong positive correlation between off-road driving skills (DS) with visual perceptual skills (tested on TVPS-3 and RPAB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: De Quervain's tenosynovitis is the most common overuse injury, involving the wrist, and often occurs in individuals who regularly use a forceful grasp coupled with ulnar deviation of the wrist. There is no consensus in the treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis; both surgical and conservative medical management has adverse effects. Myofascial release (MFR) and myofascial taping (MFT) are newer techniques which have been proven effective for other inflammatory and noninflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. Hence, the study was planned to determine and compare the effectiveness of both the above-mentioned adjunct method along with conventional occupational therapy in the treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis. Objective: To compare and study the effectiveness of MFT and MFR as an adjunct to conventional occupational therapy treatment on patients with De Quervain's tenosynovitis. Study Design: A prospective, comparative randomized control trial was conducted for 18 months in the Department of Occupational Therapy (OT) of the O.T. Training School and Centre, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital. Methods: Thirty-one patients (both males and females aged 20-50 years) diagnosed as De Quervain's tenosynovitis, referred to the OT outpatient department, were randomized into two groups after screening by simple random sampling using a computerized generated table. Patients in Group A (N = 16, 11 females and 5 males) received MFT along with conventional treatment, and patients in Group B (N = 15, 9 females and 6 males) received MFR along with conventional treatment; they followed up for the treatment for 5 weeks, 2 times a week with each session lasting for 30-40 min. Pain level and functional improvement were evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) score and patient-specific functional scale (PSFS) score, respectively, at the end of the 3rd and 5th week of the 5-week therapy program. Results: Both the groups showed significant improvement in pain scores on VAS at the 3rd and 5th week. There was no significant difference in the values between the two groups at the3rd week; however, at the end of the 5th week, Group A showed significant improvement in pain than Group B. Both the groups showed significant improvement in functional scores on PSFS at the 3rd and 5th week. Conclusion: Although both MFT and MFR showed improvement in function and decrease in pain, when compared we could conclude that MFT along with conventional OT yields better outcome measures in terms of decreasing pain and improving function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In schools, bullying is a regular occurring behavior problem and the most common form of violence. As stated in studies, bullying peaks during middle school years and higher rates of being bullied are reported in children with special educational needs and disabilities. Social story, as a teaching intervention, helps in preparing the children to respond appropriately to a bullying situation and to develop adaptive coping responses. Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify the victims of bullying among childhood psychiatry conditions, to develop coping skills for them, and to determine the effectiveness of social stories. Study Design: A randomized controlled interventional study was chosen for the research. Methods: Children were screened using Illinois Bully Victim Scale, and 22 children, of both genders, aged 8-13 years diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, learning disability, and mild intellectual disability were randomly assigned to two study groups. Coping strategies were taught to the children in the experimental group with the help of social stories, for two target behaviors, and role play at end for 30 min, 3 days a week, for 13 sessions, whereas in the control group, children underwent conventional occupational therapy along with coping strategies and role play for 30 min for 13 sessions. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Coping with Bullying Scale for Children were administered before and after intervention. Results: Both experimental (w = 12) and control (h = 10) groups equally improved with their respective intervention. However, children achieved clinically significant scores in their mean values (68.42 ± 61.50, P < 0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00-0.12) in the level of performance, suggesting that they used more of adaptive responses in coping with bullying situation. Typically, children in both the groups showed some amount of maladaptive strategies even after their respective interventions (8.03 ± 6.2, P = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.00-0.13), referring that social story was found to have an impact only on adaptive coping responses. This warrants the importance of addressing the awareness of adverse consequences of maladaptive coping through social stories. Conclusion: Social stories were effective in improving coping skills as well as in enabling the strategies application of learned coping skills (performance) during bullying situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elderly people are most commonly affected by cognitive decline, loneliness, and depression, which in turn affect their activities of daily living. Reminiscence therapy is one of the most effective interventions used among the geriatric population by occupational therapists, which can be used for reducing depression and improving their activities of daily living. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the impact of reminiscence therapy on reducing depression and improving self-care skills among the geriatric population. Study Design: This was a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: Thirty elderly people diagnosed as having depressive symptoms and poor self-care skills were selected based on a convenient sampling method and were separated into two groups. The experimental group (n = 15) received the reminiscence therapy intervention for 18 sessions for 45 min each, whereas the control group received conventional occupational therapy for the same time period. A pretest and posttest evaluation was administered with the Geriatric Depression Scale and Functional Independence Measure. Results: The study resulted that reminiscence therapy intervention had an impact on reducing depression and improving self-care skills among the geriatric population. Furthermore, it resulted that the reminiscence therapy had a significant impact on depression and self-care skills when compared to conventional occupational therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that the reminiscence therapy intervention was effective among the geriatric population on reducing depression and improving self-care skills. Hence, reminiscence therapy can be used as an intervention in treating the geriatric population in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevocational training means assisting participants in the development of employment-related skills. These may include teaching how to use work-related equipment, how to observe work-related personal safety skills, and specialized work-related training and education. In the model of human occupation (MOHO), humans are conceptualized as being made up of three interrelated components: volition, habituation, and performance capacity are maintained and changed through what one does and what one thinks and feels about Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the effect of MOHO in developing prevocational skills and improving the QOL among alcoholic addiction. Study Design: This was a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed as alcoholic dependent were selected based on convenient sampling, experimental group (n = 15) received prevocational skills training for 36 sessions for 1 h 15 min each, whereas the control group received conventional occupational therapy for the same time period. MOHOST and WHOQOL-BRIEF were used as outcome measures. Results: The study resulted that MOHO had an effect on prevocational skills training among alcoholic addiction (P < 0.005) also resulted improvement in the quality of life of alcoholic addiction (P < 0.005). Conclusion: The study concluded that MOHO was effective in improving the prevocational skills and improving the quality of life among alcoholic addiction. Hence, MOHO can be used in other conditions to train the individual for prevocational training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies conducted in this area shows that parents of children with disabilities experience a higher level of stress compared to children with typical development (Sanders and Morgan, 1997). Objectives: The primary aim of the study is to determine the amount of stress among parents of children with different types of developmental disabilities and to assess the need of stress management among parents of children with special needs. Methods: Consent from parents was taken; Parental Stress Scale was administered on 140 parents in the language of their choice: English, Hindi, and Marathi. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional survey. Results: There was a statistically nonsignificant difference seen for the values between the groups (P > 0.05) of different developmental disabilities for total Parental Stress Scale also there was no significant correlation between the age of the parents and level of stress. We also found a statistically highly significant difference for the values between the groups (P < 0.01) for age of the child, with higher values in group children with disabilities. Conclusion: Parents with special needs children are at more risk of stress and it is very important to address the stress and timely refer it for stress management and in severe cases, it should be referred to the psychiatric clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is an important part of children's overall health and well-being. It includes children's mental, emotional, and behavioral wellbeing. It affects how children choose and participate in occupations. Nearly, 50 million children in India are responding to mental illnesses with poor systems of care which hampers participation in preferred occupations such as play, school, and leisure. The objective of the study is to demonstrate the use of client entered approach and narrative frame of reference in working with children in the context of mental health. In this descriptive case study, the author shares work with an 8-yearold girl responding to The Worry Monster (anxiety) who would not let her go to school and not let her play with her friends. The study focuses on practices informed by a client-centered approach and narrative frame of reference. These outcomes were documented (a) to build child's agency in understanding the anxiety, (b) take actions toward participating in preferred occupations, (c) engage the community of support, and (d) become an advocate for other children. The discussion focuses on the need to develop pediatric mental health-care models which invite children's voices in intervention planning and nonpathologizing of young people's bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body image perception is the way a person feels about his/her body and this can be negative or positive. Various factors influence body image features such as society and social media. As the individual stats to prioritize the concerned features, there is a imbalance in occupational performance. The study has important implications in occupational therapy practice as it helps to bridge the gap between how various disorders such as eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder starts to develop. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to understand how adolescents and young adults perceive their body image. Furthermore, to administer semi-structure questionnaire and to understand the areas of occupational performance, i.e., self-care, productivity, and leisure that are affect by body image perception. Study Design: The study design chosen was a cross-sectional study design. Methods: A quantitative study was conducted on young adolescents and young adulthood people in Goa, who use social media, namely, WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram, for at least 1 h per day. A semi-structure questionnaire was used to determine body image issues faced by them and the areas of self-care productivity and leisure affected. Results: The participants had various body image features which were of concern to them. As a result, they avoided certain situations and indulged in behaviors to minimize the areas of concern bothering them. This in-turn had some imbalances in occupational performance. Conclusion: Body image perception does affect one's occupational performance. As the person's concern about the features lead him/her to focus more on some areas of occupational performance. However, this branch needs to be more explored in occupational therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dexterity is an essential skill in individuals to actively participate in activities of daily living skills and benefits quality of life. Impairments in the sensorimotor control of hands influence the quality of life of people with diabetic neuropathy. An intervention such as sensory reeducation training is necessary to build their dexterity performance thus it will have considerable changes in their activities of daily living. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the effectiveness of sensory reeducation on dexterity skills in people with diabetic neuropathy. Study Design: This was a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: Thirty people with diabetic neuropathy with impairment in dexterity performance were selected based on a convenient sampling method. The experimental group (n = 15) received the sensory reeducation intervention for 30 sessions for each of 45 min, whereas the control group received conventional occupational therapy for the same time period. The standardized Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments, Moberg s pickup test, and diabetes-39 were used as outcome measures. Results: The study resulted that sensory reeducation therapy had a significant impact on dexterity performance and quality of life when compared to conventional therapy (P < 0.005). Conclusion: S ensory reeducation was effective among people with diabetic neuropathy on dexterity skills and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postpartum anxiety is excessive worrying that occurs after childbirth. As an occupational therapist, it is key note that along with neonatal health mothers' health should be preserved in the postpartum period. Postpartum anxiety has a negative effect on feeding, bonding, etc. It is very important for an occupational therapist to look after performance areas of mothers that affect in postpartum period in their activities of daily living. Objective: This study was conducted to clarify how performance areas of mothers are affected who are diagnosed with postpartum anxiety. Study Design: A concept of study was carried, using cross-sectional quantitative study design method. Methods: After selecting the concept of postpartum anxiety and how it is affecting performance areas in motherhood. Once the population was selected using the Canadian Occupational Performance MEasure (COPM) scale, performance areas were measured and semi-structured interviews were taken to understand better. After that statistical analysis was done to see the main top areas which are majorly and commonly affected. Moreover, semi-structured discussion is formed on their performance levels and satisfaction level through interviews. The literature was found using research databases including CINAHL, PubMed, OT Search, and SCOPUS. Results: Through the conceptual analysis of postpartum anxiety and its effect on the performance areas of mothers, data were obtained on the importance of performance areas for mothers. The results were formed using statistical analysis to know which all areas are majorly affected. It is seen that 90.4%of participants have been given importance to performance areas such as cleaning, transfer outdoor, laundry, shopping, bathing travel, and managing finances and rated 10 out of 10 on the scale COPM. However, 60%of those participants were found on low-performance areas. Moreover, satisfaction scores for performing those tasks are quietly seen on the lower side. Sixty percentage of participants scored 4 on the scale of 10 for satisfaction and 40%of participants were given an average of 6 out of 10 on the scale. Conclusion: The results led to understand that the performance areas of mothers are largely affected who are diagnosed with postpartum anxiety. Research helped to understand the various factors that are affecting performance areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-efficacy is an important factor which can influence the breastfeeding process whereas breastfeeding a sick baby further complicates the outcomes. Although breastfeeding education traditionally belongs to lactation or nursing professionals, the emphasis on correct breastfeeding practice and breastfeeding self-efficacy is generally overlooked postdischarge of mother. Being part of transdisciplinary team, it would be a challenging role for occupational therapists to provide breastfeeding education to postpartum mothers to promote uninterrupted breastfeeding. Objectives: The study aimed to explore and enhance breastfeeding self-efficacy among mothers of sick babies by occupational therapy intervention. Study Design: An experimental approach with pretest and posttest control group design was applied in this study. Methods: Total sample of 50 mothers of sick babies from Puducherry were selected based on criteria and allotted in intervention and control groups (25 in each group) by consecutive sampling. Mothers in the intervention group were given different modes of breastfeeding education. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale--SF was used as an outcome measure for pre and on 7th, 14th, and 30th day postintervention. Results: The breastfeeding self-efficacy measured before the intervention shows that 68% of mothers were not confident and 24% were slightly confident (n = 50). There was no significant difference in breastfeeding self-efficacy between the two groups in the pretest. In the posttest, the breastfeeding self-efficacy of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: The results of the study suggested that occupational therapists play an important role to provide breastfeeding education which can improve maternal self-efficacy for better breastfeeding practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mechanical neck pain is one of the common issues faced among office works. It can lead to absenteeism and even disability and also affects their productivity due to physical injuries/pain, and this can potentially have a negative influence on the financial productivity and efficiency of the employer. Hence, this study is conducted to determine the effect of ergonomic intervention in mechanical neck pain and to improve the quality of life for office workers. Objectives: (1) To identify the level of mechanical neck pain in office workers. (2) To determine the effect of ergonomic intervention in office workers. (3) To identify any correlation between ergonomics and mechanical neck. Study Design: This study was a quasi-experimental design. Methods: The participants (N = 30) were selected based on selection criteria. The experimental group received the ergonomic intervention and McKenzie neck exercises along with conventional occupational therapy in their workplace and the control group received no treatment (placebo group). A total of 18 sessions were conducted for 45 min each session. Outcome measures were assessed by Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) and Neck Disability Index (NDI). Results: The study resulted that there is a significant change in the experimental group versus the control group of NDI scores as 95% confidence interval (CI): 15.6000 ± 0.972 (±6.2%) (14.628--16.572) versus 95%CI: 18.4667 ± 1.337 (±7.2%) (17.130--19.804) and P = 0.0048 and in the experimental group versus a control group of ROSA scores as 95%CI: 6.1333 ± 0.737 (±12.0%) (5.396--6.871) versus 95%CI: 6.4660 ± 0.501 (±7.8%) (5.965--6.967) and P = 0.65994. The R-value of 0.429 suggests that there is a low positive correlation between the NDI and ROSA scores. It reviled that ergonomic intervention with exercises had a significant impact on mechanical neck pain for the office worker. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested that ergonomic intervention can be given to office workers to reduce mechanical neck pain and to have long-term effectiveness in mechanical neck pain, the therapist must not only focus on McKenzie neck exercises along with conventional occupational therapy but also should focus on ergonomic modifications in their workplace environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main role of a sports science team is injury prevention, performance enhancement, and proper rehabilitation of an athlete. With the increasing global importance to sports and fitness, there is an increase in participation and level of competition. Increasing the level of competition puts an athlete into a tremendous level of physical and mental stress which if not managed properly leads to injury. Evidence suggests that if an athlete is following a scientific routine in terms of sports training, conditioning, nutrition, and psychology; injuries can be predicted and prevented up to a certain extent. Injury prediction model is formed based on the functional assessments of strength, power, psychomotor, and neuromuscular qualities within a particular sporting event. The role of occupational therapy (OT) in sports is vast and goes beyond the treatment of injury and rehabilitation to a much broader role which includes providing assistance with musculoskeletal maintenance and recovery, injury prevention strategies, and supportive rehabilitation. Occupational therapists must have a sound knowledge of the biomechanics of injuries, an understanding of the kinetic chain, the working of different slings in the body, and the intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors responsible for the injury. In this workshop, we shall discuss injury assessment, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In India, the number of occupational therapy practitioners currently working in mental health settings is lower than most other specialities. The attitudes of students influence their interest in any field and their desire for working in it. The attitudes of undergraduate occupational therapy students towards mental health and psychiatry are examined, and the influence of attitudes on future career choices is explored. Objectives: To examine the attitudes of Indian undergraduate occupational therapy students towards mental health and psychiatry, and to explore the differences in attitudes across different years of study, gender, resulting from personal experiences, and educational coursework, and to examine if the attitudes influence future career choices. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey Method: Permission was obtained from heads of institutions of 14 occupational therapy colleges and the survey link was sent. In order to obtain a representative sample, the link was also shared on social groups. The purpose of the study, voluntary participation and confidentiality were explained on the landing page. The subsequent sections consisted of the demographic questionnaire, the Attitudes towards Psychiatry (ATP-30) Questionnaire and the Career Preferences Questionnaire. A total of Four Hundred and Two responses were obtained within the stipulated period. Statistical analysis was performed, and the odds ratio using logistic regression and Pearson correlation were determined. Results: Gender and contact with persons with mental illness were significant predictors of positive attitudes towards psychiatry. Females are 5.387 times more likely to have positive attitudes towards psychiatry. (OR=5.387, 95% CI 2.101 to 13.814, P=0.000). Furthermore, those in contact with persons with mental illness are 2.883 times more likely to have positive attitudes towards psychiatry. (OR=2.883, 95% CI 1.076 to 7.724, P=0.035). Moderately high positive correlations existed between attitudes towards psychiatry and career preference in psychiatry. Conclusions: Overall, positive attitudes were found. Significant correlations were seen across the domains of the ATP-30 and career preference in psychiatry. Female students are five times more likely to have positive attitudes than male students. Those in contact with persons with mental illness were almost thrice more likely to have positive attitudes than those without any contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]