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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a quickly spreading virus that poses a major burden on global human health. Thus, it is essential to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine development might not be easy, as a consequence of mutations. This study aimed to demonstrate the D614G mutation in SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein from Indonesia. 102 isolates from the GISAID EpiCoV database and the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate (reference sequence) from GenBank, NCBI were used in this study. BioEdit employed to examine the D614G mutation in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. In this report, there are 56 D614G mutations among 102 SARS-CoV-2 isolates. In summary, this report might suggest that the D614G mutation implicates the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Nevertheless, this report was a preliminary study and this study recommends expanding molecular epidemiology and surveillance programs to monitor COVID-19.

This study aimed to perform the analysis of toxicity prediction, allergenicity prediction, and in silico cloning of peptides originated from SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in the previous study. Allergenicity prediction employed AllerPred to predict the non-allergen peptides and toxicity prediction performed using ToxinPred. Then, this study designed the in silico cloning of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with pET-28a(+) using SnapGene software. Therefore, this study successfully constructed the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate via in silico method. Therefore, these data could be used to design a peptide-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. However, the advanced study is recommended confirmation, such as in vitro and in vivo study.

Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae) or lengkuas is one type of herbal plant that is widely grown in SoutheastAsia. Various countries cultivate this medicinal plant, including Indonesia. This medicinal plant has a varietyof benefits and also be used as a treatment for many diseases. Although the lengkuas rhizome is the mostwidely used and studied part of the plant, the flower on the lengkuas can also provide additional advantages,such as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate lengkuas for thefuture prospects against SARS-CoV-2. In summary, this study suggests that lengkuas might be useful as atreatment for COVID-19, although further studies could be conducted to confirm the results of computationalstudies.

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has led to more than two million deaths worldwide. Thereare currently no specific therapies approved to treat COVID-19 and drug repositioning, rather than newdrug discovery, which may be the best short-term option for controlling the pandemic. In this review, theauthor discusses important viral targets such as the papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,3-chymotrypsin-like protease, and spike protein. The information about chemical compounds and targetsprovided in this review will aid further in vitro and in vivo studies to discover drugs to treat COVID-19.

Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, where its population has traditionally used them for generations tocure diseases. Traditional medicine and medicinal plants from Indonesia may lead to the discovery of noveldrugs. Abelmoschus esculentus L. or okra is well known as a cure for several diseases and is includedin various folk medicinal stockpiles. In recent decades, scientists have discovered the phytochemicalcomposition in the whole okra plant, as well as its pharmacological activities. These studies establishedthe therapeutic potential of okra for drug discovery. Therefore, the present review provides a sneak peek ofokra’s pharmacology and phytochemistry, also the potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2.

his study aims to identify the potency of bioactive compounds of sweet potato leaf as inhibitory agentto dengue virus (DENV) NS2B/NS3 protease by using computational study. The 3D structure of NS2B/NS3 protease was collected from PDB and the 2D structure of several bioactive compounds of sweetpotato leaf were obtained from PubChem. The visualization and data analysis were performed by usingthe PyMol software. According to the in silico analysis, result demonstrated that dehydroabietinol had thelowest free energy binding. However, based on the protein-ligand analysis, all the compounds showed thehydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction. All the compounds with hydrogen bond could not be interactedwith catalytic domain, but hydrophobic interaction could be interacted to the target domain via Ser135 by?-Selinene and His51 by ?-Caryophyllene. In summary, we conclude that ?-Selinene and ?-Caryophyllenemight have potencies as a therapeutically drug for dengue.

Cluster of pneumonia infection emerged in Wuhan, China due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Additionally, more than 190 countries have confirmed 82 million casesof SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, there is a SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, and no effective prophylacticmethods are available. A vaccine is considered as an effective method to restrict an epidemic. Severalvaccine designing techniques have been established, which is enabling researchers from various institutesfor developing vaccine towards SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we condense the development ofvaccine research against SARS-CoV-2.

This study aims to understand the effect of natural antibiotics from sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata)extract to laying hens infected with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The activation test ofsambiloto was performed by using a dilution method included a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Laying hens were distributed into five groups: normalgroup, APEC group with no treatment, and APEC group given 10%, 20%, 30% sambiloto extract for twoweeks. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with the F test. Based on the results, the 30%extract has improved the hen day production (HDP) of laying hens infected with APEC.

Balur treatment (BT) is a method that works to remove toxins in the form of free radicals released via theskin. One of the remedies used is Kopi Balur 1 (KB1) which contains aspirin and caffeine used duringthe BT, so that KB1 is believed to have the potential to reduce or inhibit the occurrence of inflammatoryprocesses in the body. Therefore, we investigate the interactions that occur between ligands and proteins,predict the action mode of caffeine-aspirin contained in KB1 as an anti-inflammatory agent, and modelingthe 3D structure of pro-inflammatory proteins in the human body. The target compound, aspirin-caffein,was obtained from a database, then used to identify the pathway on the STITCH webserver, then the targetprotein was obtained and modeled in 3D using the SWISS-MODEL webserver, and the structures obtainedwere represented in PyMol software. In sum, the aspirin-caffeine ligand complex contained in KB1 has thepotential as an anti-inflammatory agent in the human body via the molecular mechanism of binding andinhibiting the biological activity of proinflammatory proteins, i.e. PTGS1, PTGS2, and ADOR2A.

Sepsis is a life-threatening state of organ dysfunction caused by a deregulation of the body’s response towardsan infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the pro-inflammatory mediators’ level as well askidney and liver organ function on the Rattus novergicus sepsis model injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) withE. coli. This study used 20 male rats (Rattus novergicus, Wistar strain) which were divided into 2 groups:rats without E. coli injection and rats were i.p. with 105 CFU of E. coli. After six hours, the level of proinflammatory mediators (TNF?, Hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA), kidney function (urea, BUN, and creatinine), andliver function (SGPT, SGOT, and the total of bilirubin) were examined. The data obtained were analyzed usingT-Test. This study concluded that intraperitoneal injection of E. coli increased pro-inflammatory mediatorlevels which include TNF?, Hs-CRP, PCT, MDA level. It also increased kidney function. Interestingly, theinjection only increased bilirubin total levels in the liver but did not show improvement in the SGPT andSGOT. In summary, there was a significant increase in TNF-? pro-inflammatory mediators, procalcitonin(PCT), malondialdehyde (MDA), urea kidney function parameters and BUN among treatment groups. Thehs-CRP, creatinine, and total bilirubin experienced a significant increase.

Indonesian local ducks are native germplasm of Indonesia which has the genetic quality and has the potentialto be developed as a productive egg producer. Each type of duck has a different chemical compositionin their eggs. The purpose of this study is to find out the levels of protein and fat in Alabio duck (Anasplatyrhynchos Borneo) eggs in Hambuku Raya Village and Putat Atas Village, Hulu Sungai Utara, SouthKalimantan, Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Interestingly, we showedthat the level of protein and fat in Alabio duck eggs was relatively good. Therefore, this finding is the basicdata for further research on Alabio duck in the future.

This study aims to determine the effect of statins and LPS antibodies administration combined with E. coli intraperitoneal injection toward proinflammatory mediators (TNF-?, hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA) urea, BUN, and creatinine) and liver function (SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin) in sepsis rats. This study used 30 male white rats (Rattus novergicus strain Wistar) divided into 6 groups induced by E. coli bacteria combined with statins, LPS antibody (Ab-LPS), and a combination of statins+Ab-LPS. Examination of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-?, hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA) was carried out by the ELISA method through the examination of biochemical markers namely renal function (urea, BUN, and creatinine) and liver function (SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin) were analyzed by using the autoanalyzer. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the T-test. The result shows that E. coli+statins gave significant changes on the MDA level at 0th hour administration and TNF-? and hs-CRP at 3rd hour administration. The E. coli+Ab-LPS treatment showed significant changes at the 0th hour administration for MDA, creatinine, and total bilirubin and at the 3rd hour administration for MDA. The E. coli+statins+Ab-LPS treatment showed significant changes in MDA, creatinine, and total bilirubin at 0th hour administration and on creatinine and total bilirubin at 3rd hour administration.

This study was aimed to investigate the ability of gamma-mangostin to reduce plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and ameliorates the impaired renal proximal tubular cells in diabetic mice. Antioxidant assay was conducted by using male BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into two groups, they were normal control (KN) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Streptozotocin (STZ) induction was performed using multiple low-dose of 30 mg/kg body weight injected for five consecutive days. Diabetic mice have divided into three subgroups; diabetic control (KD), diabetic mice treated with acarbose (KA), and diabetic mice treated with gamma-mangostin. The gamma-mangostin treatment group was categorized based on the dose given; P1 (1 mg/kg BW), P2 (2 mg/kg BW), and P3 (4 mg/kg BW). Interestingly, gamma-mangostin administration was found to be able to lower plasma BUN and creatinine and ameliorate the impaired renal proximal tubular cells in diabetic mice significantly. Therefore, gamma-mangostin has demonstrated high antioxidant activity. The proof suggests that gamma-mangostin is a lead compound candidate for clinical management or prevent diabetes mellitus.

Influenza virus infections are a major public health threat. Influenza viruses are associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide through seasonal epidemics. Vaccination programs are available, but unpredictable antigenic changes in circulating strains require annual modification of seasonal influenza vaccines. Influenza vaccines are given, one of which is a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) aimed at the formation of antibodies that are specific to influenza viruses by B cells. In this study TIV vaccination has an effect in the form of decreasing viral replication in ferret that have been tested with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The results of this study are data about viral replication obtained from hemagglutination tests (HA test) and ATP6V0C expression with SDS-Page.