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Rash and fever are some of the most common chief complaints present in paediatric dermatology emergencies. The spectrum of differential diagnosis is broad, including many different infectious and some non-infectious agents. A systematic approach involving detailed history taking, careful clinical examination along with particular attention to epidemiological features are the most important factors to make a diagnosis. This article reviews the morphological patterns of various causes of fever with rash in children, including infectious as well as non-infectious causes, with special emphasis on the Indian scenario. We intend to highlight the clinical characteristics of each cause, which will not only help make a clinical diagnosis but also distinguish benign versus life-threatening causes of skin rash in febrile paediatric patients and provide early medical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis begins in childhood in around one-third of the cases. There has been conflicting evidence regarding the association of paediatric psoriasis with comorbidities. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out various comorbidities (abnormal body mass index, metabolic syndrome, lipid abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, and raised blood glucose) associated with paediatric psoriasis. Materials and Methods: All patients of psoriasis (age <18 years) who visited the Paediatric Psoriasis clinic from January 2017 to September 2021 were recruited in this record-based study. Results: Records of 100 patients were analysed, with female to male ratio of 1:1. The age group ranged from 11 months to 18 years. The average body surface area involved was 5.43%. The average psoriasis area and severity index was 2.47. Joint involvement was seen in 7% of patients in our study. A total of 52 (52%) patients had abnormal body mass index, out of which 21 patients were overweight and 31 were obese. At least one lipid abnormality was found in 66 (66%) patients. The most common lipid abnormality was decreased high-density lipoprotein, followed by raised total cholesterol, raised total triglycerides and raised low-density lipoprotein. 8 (8%) patients were found to have raised blood glucose levels. Out of which, six had impaired fasting glucose and two were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. 5 (5%) patients were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Paediatric psoriasis is a chronic disfiguring disease and may have profound emotional and psychological effects. There is a lack of studies from India on the prevalence of these comorbidities in paediatric psoriasis. More studies are required from different parts of the world for a better understanding of paediatric psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene has been reported to be an indicator of poor prognosis of atopic dermatitis (AD). It has been reported that there is a considerable variation in the mutations detected in the FLG gene in different ethnicities. Aim: To detect the presence of mutations in the FLG gene in pediatric subjects with atopic dermatitis (AD) and to compare the detected mutations with those already reported from different ethnicities. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA extracted using standard procedure from peripheral venous blood of 30 patient and 15 control samples. Sequence analysis of the FLG gene carried out and detected changes was then cross referenced with those mutations already reported to check for novelty of detected changes. Results: Amino acid changes were detected in 28 of the patient samples and in none of the control samples indicating that changes in the FLG gene were more common in the patient group than the control group (Fishers exact test, P < 0.0001). The most commonly reported mutations R501X and 2282del4 were not detected. Only 5 of the detected 22 amino acid changes H2507Q, L2481S, K2444E, E2398Q, and S2366T have been previously reported and are not clinically significant; however, in one patient a stop codon was detected (S2366STOP). P2238N, R2239W, and V2243L detected in 70% of the samples and S2231E detected in 67% of the patient samples have not been reported so far and their clinical significance is yet to be analyzed. Conclusion: Analyses of mutations already reported showed that the changes detected from this study are novel to Indian traits. While this adds on to the minimal data available from the Indian subcontinent further analyses has to be carried out to analyze the pathogenicity of these detected changes on larger samples sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, immune-mediated, multisystem, inflammatory disorder. It affects all age groups, including infancy. In one-third of the cases, the onset of the disease is in the first and second decades of life. Childhood psoriasis significantly affects the quality of life of the child as well as that of the entire family. Pediatric psoriasis has distinct clinical presentations and evolves with time. Like in adults, chronic plaque psoriasis has been found to be the most common type of childhood psoriasis. Psoriatic plaques in children are less pruritic, smaller and thinner with less prominent scaling. In pigmented skin, the erythema is less prominent and plaques appear violaceous or hyperpigmented. Pediatric psoriasis can be associated with arthritis, metabolic syndrome, depression and anxiety. Hence all children should be screened routinely for associated comorbidities. Management of pediatric psoriasis is challenging owing to the limitation of approved therapies. 'Proactive therapy' is a recent approach in childhood-onset psoriasis that would help to prevent the severity of flare-ups, thus improving the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of 3‑year‑old Indian boy, born at term to nonconsanguineous parentage is presented with high‑grade fever for several month. Topics include examines he used to be irritable during the febrile period and frequented the bathroom to pour cold water over his body and a specific pattern of fever could be elicited as it appeared and resolved spontaneously after sundown.

The article presents a case study of a 02-year- 8 month old female with complains of difficulty in getting up from the sitting position. Topics include having multiple rashes over face, upper torso and extremities aggravated on sun exposure since 4 months; and Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) being a rare autoimmune multisystem disorder primarily affecting skin and striated muscles.

The article presents a case study of a 09-year-old woman with multiple erythematous scaly plaques. Topics include monoclonal antibody approving to treat moderate to severe adult plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis; and secukinumab being given successfully for the treatment of recalcitrant pediatric chronic plaque psoriasis.