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Endogenous uveitis is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease leading to impairment of visual acuity. The association of different uveitis entities with HLA-class I antigens and the discovery of antigenic mimicry between a peptide of uveitis-associated HLA-class I antigens and a peptide of retinal autoantigen led to a new hypothesis for the pathogenesis of uveitis. On the basis of this mechanism an open trial of oral tolerance induction with the HLA-peptide B27PD was initiated for nine patients with long lasting, therapy-refractive uveitis. Within 6 weeks of oral peptide treatment all patients responded with a marked decrease of intraocular inflammation, which allowed a reduction of systemic corticosteroids in seven patients. One patient, who suffered from an acute relapse, responded within 2 weeks, followed by an increase of visual acuity. In addition, two patients discontinued azathioprine immediately prior to oral tolerance induction without the occurrence of relapses. Visual acuity remained unchanged or increased in 14 of 16 eyes. One patient did not finish oral peptide treatment. None of these patients experienced any adverse events. It was concluded that the oral application of highly tolerogenic peptides might be a potent approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.