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AbstractThe design of flow lines is an extensive area of research whereby most publications focus on buffer allocation to cope with random influences like breakdowns or random differences in processing times. In addition, spare parts can directly increase the machines’ availability. However, only a few papers consider the simultaneous optimization of buffer space and the possible number of spare parts in stock. The literature hardly even considers the evaluation of such systems. We are the first to introduce the joint optimization of buffer space and spare parts for flow lines of arbitrary length. First, we aim to allocate buffer capacities and spare parts efficiently. Since the buffer allocation problem is NP-hard, we can expect only to find near-optimal solutions. Second, we demonstrate the algorithmic behavior of different greedy and metaheuristics on this design problem. We illustrate how to exploit the problem structure to solve it almost optimally. Third, we generate managerial insights into allocating spare parts in manufacturing systems with buffers. We show that spare parts tend to be more effective when arranged at or near the center of a flow line, as it is already known for buffers. Moreover, we provide details on the combined buffer and spare part allocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]