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Driving cycles are used for certification, for comparison of vehicles, and to an increasing extent as an engineering tool in vehicle design. A situation with only a few fixed driving cycles to use would then lead to the risk that a test or design would be tailored to details in the driving cycle instead of being representative. Due to this, and due to the increased use in the development process, there is now a strong need for methods to achieve representative driving cycles that in a wide sense are similar but not the same. To approach this problem area, we define equivalence between driving cycles based on mean tractive force, and develop algorithms and methods for equivalence-modification and equivalence-transformation of driving cycles. There are a number of applications for these methods but one example that is demonstrated is to transform the well-known FTP75 into an equivalent NEDC, and the other way around, to transform the NEDC into an equivalent FTP75.

The paper presents an innovative method for the optimal tuning of energy management control strategies for hybrid electrical vehicles. The method is based on the analysis of an existing optimal control law, which can be obtained using Dynamic Programming, by means of the local partial derivatives. This permits to obtain a set of upper and lower bounds for instantaneous value of the time-varying Lagrange multiplier of the constrained optimization problem, which can be represented in so-called Λ-plots. From that plots, it is possible to provide an estimate of the optimal parameters for tuning energy management control strategies as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy and Pontryagin Minimum Principle. Λ-plots also provide a good framework for analysing the equivalence of different control strategies. The Λ-plot method is demonstrated for both series and parallel configurations of a hybrid electrical vehicle.

This paper proposes an algorithm to simplify automata in such a way that compositional synthesis results are preserved in every possible context. It relaxes some requirements of synthesis observation equivalence from previous work, so that better abstractions can be obtained. The paper describes the algorithm, adapted from known bisimulation equivalence algorithms, for the improved abstraction method. The algorithm has been implemented in the DES software tool Supremica and has been used to compute modular supervisors for several large benchmark examples. It successfully computes modular supervisors for systems with more than 10^12 reachable states.

This paper deals with experimental verification of new modified Filtered Smith Predictor with primary 2DOF P-controller that simplifies treatment of the control constraints. Testing the traditional and the new solutions with different disturbance filters by real time experiments on a stable plant fully confirms superiority of the new controllers in constrained control. It also shows that despite to the formal input-to-output equivalence of the new and the traditional solutions, due to different implementation schemes and the plant-model mismatch they give responses to the setpoint and disturbance steps that are slightly different in terms of the speed, monotonicity, as well as noise attenuation. As a by-product of this paper it is shown that both the new and the traditional solutions with the 2 nd order disturbance filter are much more sensitive than those with the 1st order one, what may be crucial for their practical use.

In this paper we propose a new anti-aliasing technique for wide band networked control schemes. We study the potential equivalence with the usual one-degree-of-freedom anti-aliasing filtering. The benefits of the proposed anti-aliasing approach are illustrated with a simple example that incorporates an MPC controller in a Networked Control framework.

Integral gas engines represent a critical element in the US gas pipeline network. The stricter emission requirements now facing also these engines have prompted the question for advanced control strategies. Among them MPC has turned out to be a promising choice. Unfortunately, MPC has two main drawbacks a high computational and a demanding and non intuitive tuning effort. These issue become even more critical if speed and precision of the hardware is limited, as it is often the case in embedded solutions. This paper extends previous work on the control of such systems and concentrates on the latter issue, the selftuning. It proposes a tuning approach based on the well-known equivalence between MPC and a set of linear controllers as well as on the use of a mixed cost function which explicitly includes the numerical condition of the MPC problem. As the paper also shows, this yields to an impressive increase in the efficiency and performance of the online algorithm by reducing the number of QP iterations necessary at each step.

The paper presents an analytical formulation of a damage accumulation law for automotive batteries, derived using curve fitting of experimental data from literature. The analytical formulation shows the equivalence of the proposed model to the Palmgren-Miner fatigue model used for mechanical components. The proposed model can be used to determine the residual life of automotive batteries and is potentially implementable on-line.

The systematic derivation of macroscopic biological reaction schemes has received an increasing attention in the last decade. This paper builds upon recent results, to suggest a new methodology for reaction network derivation from noisy measurements of external substrates and cell products. Moreover, based on the concept of model equivalence, it develops a two-step algorithm that aims at improving the robustness of the whole identification procedure.

Abstract It is shown how to create the continuous system equivalent to the system with sliding mode control. In the case of minimum phase plants, the system arises from the replacement of the relay by some appropriate saturation-type nonlinearity. The latter may be implemented using the amplifier with high gain and saturation with constraints of the control determined by the switched magnitudes of the relay. In the case of nonminimum phase plants it is noted that similar equivalence exists for the continuous and relay system with parallel compensator. The latter system may be treated as the system with modified sliding mode control. In the equivalent continuous system the chattering effect, related with sliding mode control doesn't exist.

Brushless DC (BLDC) servomotors have become a popular choice when implementing high–precision position controllers for mechatronic systems. A motor of this kind requires a drive that can be configured in different operation modes, according to the internal controllers it utilizes. This paper first describes the main features and the complete electromechanical model of a BLDC motor/drive system, including some procedures for the identification of its parameters. Three common schemes for implementing position control using this kind of actuators are also presented, and the equivalence among them is employed to determine the drive's internal control gains. Finally, experimental results in a typical BLDC servoactuator allow us to show the significance of the estimated parameters in real position control tasks.

Recursive non-linear Bayesian estimation is addressed using equivalence approach as motivating framework. Its specific form - tailored to a model class covering non-normal ARX (auto-regression with exogenous variables) models, models with discrete outputs and continuous-valued regression vectors and their dynamic mixtures - is presented. The resulting algorithms provide efficient solutions of difficult and practically important estimation problems.

An iterative method is developed to determine a performance criterion for best achievable performance for discrete integral controllers. Using the performance criterion, optimal performance of the controller in place is also indicated. An analytical expression is derived so that a realistic assessment of the given integral controller is obtained. Using the theoretical equivalence of discrete integral and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) controllers, the method is then extended to performance assessment of EWMA controllers. A semiconductor manufacturing example is used to illustrate the utility of the method.

In this paper, the pole placement controller based on the Robust Internal-loop Compensator(RIC) structure, which has inherent structural equivalence to disturbance observer, is proposed to control a linear positioning system. This controller has the advantage to easily select controller gains by using pole placement without loss of that of original RIC structure. The principal is to construct the pole placement controller for a nominal internal model instead of unknown real plant. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is shown by linear motion experiments.

The advantages of LiF-TL dosimetry for clinical dosimetry like small size, water equivalence, independence of electron energy etc. are unfortunately accompanied by some drawbacks like individual calibration factors, their time dependence etc. These drawbacks make LiF-TL dosimetry somewhat inconvenient for routine dosimetry, if it is not handled properly. In order to overcome these problems, the authors developed a "TLD management system" on the basis of the developing environment NeXT Step under UNIX. The system consists of: data acquisition; graphically controlled glow curve deconvolution; standard evaluation with protocol; statistical evaluation of calibration measurements; overlaying glow curves for comparison.

The field of man-machine systems - the analysis and synthesis of systems in which both human and machine interact closely - is a young and barely recognized discipline with an unrelenting array of new challenges. Following a brief review of history and highlights, this paper will characterize some current trends which have profound implications: (I) The removal of the human element up ("super") and away ("tele") from direct and local physical interaction with the process or product; (2) analytical engagement with systems having multiple decision-makers with partially overlapping databases and multi-incompatible objectives; (3) a new acceptance of reported mental events (as contrasted to physically observable behavior) and fuzzy relations (as constrasted to exclusive-set probablistic events); and (A) an emerging equivalence and transformabi1ity relation between computer-based decision aids and normative models of human performance. All of these have been driven, for reasons to be mentioned, by the computer in its various forms as automatic controller and decision aid or expert system