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Computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) is a common tool for the detection of diseases, particularly different types of cancers, based on medical images. Digital image processing thus plays a significant role in the processing and analysis of medical images for diseases identification and detection purposes. In this study, an efficient CAD system for the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) detection is proposed. The proposed approach entails two phases. In the first phase, the white blood cells (WBCs) are segmented from the microscopic blood image. The second phase involves extracting important features, such as shape and texture features from the segmented cells. Eventually, on the extracted features, Naïve Bayes and k‐nearest neighbour classifier techniques are implemented to identify the segmented cells into normal and abnormal cells. The performance of the proposed approach has been assessed through comprehensive experiments carried out on the well‐known ALL‐IDB data set of microscopic blood images. The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach over the state‐of‐the‐art in terms of accuracy rate in which achieved 98.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, skin cancer is one of the most dangerous forms of cancer found in humans. There are various types of skin cancer, like basal, melanoma, carcinoma, and the squamous cell from which the melanoma is unpredictable. Thus, skin cancer detection in the early stage is very useful to treat it successfully. Hence, this study introduces a new algorithm called social bat optimisation algorithm for skin cancer detection. Initially, the pre‐processing is done for the input image to eliminate the noise and artefacts present in the image. Then, the pre‐processed image is fed to the feature extraction step where the features are extracted based on convolutional neural network features, and the local pixel pattern‐based texture feature (local PPBTF). Here, the PPBTF is the combination of texture features and pixel pattern‐based features in which the equation of PPBTF is modified based on the local binary pattern. Subsequently, the classification is done based on the extracted features using a deep stacked auto‐encoder, which is trained by the proposed social bat optimisation. The performance of skin cancer detection based on the proposed model is evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The proposed model achieves the maximal accuracy of 93.38%, maximal sensitivity of 95%, and the maximal specificity of 96% for K‐fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since histopathological images exist in various forms, performing segmentation on these images is tedious. While in cancer‐free colon tissue, epithelial cells generally have an elliptical shape; their structure alters in a malignant tissue. This study proposes a technique consisting of colon biopsy image segmentation and a hybrid set of features for classification, and is evaluated on multiple databases with various levels of magnifications. This study presents a novel image segmentation method with multi‐level thresholding based on Rényi's two‐dimensional entropy with a cultural algorithm (2DReCA). Based on the entropy, elliptical epithelial cells, being the region of interest, are identified from the segmented background. After successful segmentation, shape descriptors are extracted with morphological operations. Two sets of texture features (grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix and block‐wise elliptical local binary pattern) are calculated based on pre‐processed grey‐scale colon images. The proposed hybrid feature vector set, then concatenates the extracted features for training and testing with a random forest classifier. The proposed segmentation and classification model is evaluated by considering four data sets consisting of various colon images at different magnifications. In addition, it is evaluated by multiple performance measures and compared with existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, skin cancer is one of the most dangerous forms of cancer found in humans. There are various types of skin cancer, like basal, melanoma, carcinoma, and the squamous cell from which the melanoma is unpredictable. Thus, skin cancer detection in the early stage is very useful to treat it successfully. Hence, this study introduces a new algorithm called social bat optimisation algorithm for skin cancer detection. Initially, the pre-processing is done for the input image to eliminate the noise and artefacts present in the image. Then, the pre-processed image is fed to the feature extraction step where the features are extracted based on convolutional neural network features, and the local pixel pattern-based texture feature (local PPBTF). Here, the PPBTF is the combination of texture features and pixel pattern-based features in which the equation of PPBTF is modified based on the local binary pattern. Subsequently, the classification is done based on the extracted features using a deep stacked auto-encoder, which is trained by the proposed social bat optimisation. The performance of skin cancer detection based on the proposed model is evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The proposed model achieves the maximal accuracy of 93.38%, maximal sensitivity of 95%, and the maximal specificity of 96% for K-fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since histopathological images exist in various forms, performing segmentation on these images is tedious. While in cancer-free colon tissue, epithelial cells generally have an elliptical shape; their structure alters in a malignant tissue. This study proposes a technique consisting of colon biopsy image segmentation and a hybrid set of features for classification, and is evaluated on multiple databases with various levels of magnifications. This study presents a novel image segmentation method with multi-level thresholding based on Rényi's two-dimensional entropy with a cultural algorithm (2DR $_e$e CA). Based on the entropy, elliptical epithelial cells, being the region of interest, are identified from the segmented background. After successful segmentation, shape descriptors are extracted with morphological operations. Two sets of texture features (grey-level co-occurrence matrix and block-wise elliptical local binary pattern) are calculated based on pre-processed grey-scale colon images. The proposed hybrid feature vector set, then concatenates the extracted features for training and testing with a random forest classifier. The proposed segmentation and classification model is evaluated by considering four data sets consisting of various colon images at different magnifications. In addition, it is evaluated by multiple performance measures and compared with existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammography is a very useful tool to diagnose breast cancer in early stages when it is easier to treat. There are two types of evidence that radiologists look for in a mammogram, calcifications and the existence of masses. In this study, an intelligent computer‐aided diagnosis system is proposed for the detection of masses in mammographic images regardless of their nature. The proposed method uses a combination of extended maxima transformations, having different threshold values, in order to find suitable internal and external markers for a marker‐based watershed segmentation. After segmentation, a two‐stage classifier is used to distinguish the masses better from the healthy breast tissue. A feature vector based mainly on contrast and texture features is calculated and two alternative approaches, a Bayesian classifier and a support vector machine (SVM) with Gaussian kernel function, are implemented for further reduction of the false positive areas. The system was evaluated using the data from two online databases. Specifically, 73 mammographic images from the new curated breast imaging subset of digital database for screening mammography (CBIS‐DDSM) database and all the mammographic images that contain masses from the mini‐mammographic image analysis society (MIAS) database were used. The overall sensitivity, in both datasets, was near 80% when the Bayesian classifier was used and above 85% when the SVM was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound (US) imaging is the leading diagnostic method for assessing the early‐stage thyroid nodule. However, the visual evaluation of nodules can be influenced by the subjectivity of radiologists' interpretations. Computer‐aided Diagnostic (CAD) systems can be useful in classifying these nodules according to their benign or malignant nature. The extraction of the characteristics, which relate in the author's case to the US of thyroid nodules, is essential in the differentiation of these nodules. The complex nature of images, however, generates a significant number of features, many of which are either redundant or irrelevant. This study presents a new CAD system that has been developed to categorise thyroid nodules. In this survey, 447 US images of thyroid nodules were retained. These images were used to extract features using statistical features extraction methods. A feature selection method based on the multi objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm was used to choose the most relevant and non‐redundant ones. Then, support vector machine (SVM) and random forests (RFs) were applied to classify these nodules. 10‐fold cross‐validation was used to assess the classification performance metrics. Their proposed CAD has reached a maximum accuracy of 94.28% for SVM; and 96.13% for RF using the contour‐based ROI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer becomes a significant public health problem in the world. During the early detection of breast cancer, it is a very challenging task to classify accurately the benign–malignant patterns in digital mammograms. This study proposes a new fully automated computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system for breast cancer diagnosis with high‐accuracy and low‐computational requirements. The expectation–maximisation algorithm is investigated to extract automatically the region of interests (ROIs) within mammograms. The standard shape, statistical, and textural features of ROIs are extracted and combined with multi‐resolution and multi‐orientation features derived from a new feature extraction technique based on wavelet‐based contourlet transform. A hybrid feature selection approach based on combining the support vector machine recursive feature elimination with correlation bias reduction algorithm is proposed. Also, the authors investigate a new similarity‐based learning algorithm, called Q, for benign–malignant classification. The proposed CAD system is applied to real clinical mammograms, and the experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed CAD system over other existing CAD systems in terms of accuracy 98.16%, sensitivity 98.63%, specificity 97.80%, and computational time 2.2 s. This reveals the effectiveness of the proposed CAD system in improving the accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis in real‐time systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Although early detection of lung tumours (nodules) can remarkably diminish the mortal rate, precise detection of them is not always possible by visual inspection of the computerised tomography images. Since nodules with different sizes have non‐uniform shape and brightness, texture attributes and also the gradient of orientation can be good candidate features, which have been used for this purpose. They determined the co‐occurrence matrix of the extended local binary pattern (ELBP) along with weighted orientation difference (WOD) for each sub‐region of the lung area. Local binary pattern is a texture descriptor that can extract the discriminative features efficiently. The proposed ELBP is rotation invariant and suitable to describe non‐uniform patterns. Moreover, WOD as a structural feature uses the magnitude of each edge as the weight of its orientation difference. After constructing the co‐occurrence matrix, discriminative features were extracted from this matrix and fed into a support vector machine in order to classify each sub‐region as a cancerous (nodule) or normal tissue. The proposed method was compared to some of state‐of‐the‐art nodule detection methods and was assessed over several real datasets in terms of specificity, sensitivity and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectoral muscle segmentation is a very important step in any Computer Aided Detection (CAD) system, for automatic detection of different possible signs of malignancy in the mammographic image. Presence of high‐density glandular tissues overlapping pectoral muscle boundary, presence of pectoral muscle of small size and low density, presence of pectoralis minor etc., poses a great challenge for researchers working on the problem of automatic pectoral muscle boundary detection. Gabor filter has been used by many researchers to detect textural edges. The ability that it can be tuned along a particular direction, makes it a very important image processing tool. In the proposed research work a Gabor filter tuned in the direction of pectoral muscle boundary is applied on the region of interest (ROI) containing pectoral muscle. Finally, the magnitude and phase response of Gabor filtered ROI image along with an edge‐connect and region merge algorithm is used to detect pectoral muscle boundary. The proposed method is validated using 200 mammograms from the miniMIAS database and 200 mammograms from INbreast database. With an accuracy of 97.50% for miniMIAS database and 94.50% for INbreast database, the proposed method outperforms many state‐of‐the‐art methods which show its suitability for CAD Systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules can provide useful indicators for estimating the risk of lung cancer. In this study, an improved random forest (RF) algorithm is proposed for classification of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules in thoracic computed tomography images. First, an improved random walk algorithm is proposed to automatically segment pulmonary nodules. Then, intensity, geometric and texture features based on the grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix, rotation invariant uniform local binary pattern and Gabor filter methods are combined to generate an effective and discriminative feature vector. Mutual information is employed to reduce the dimensionality. Finally, an improved RF classifier is trained to classify benign and malignant nodules. An appropriate feature subset is selected by the bootstrap method and an effective combination method is introduced to predict a class label. The proposed classification method on the lung images dataset consortium dataset achieves a sensitivity of 0.92 and the area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve of 0.95. An additional evaluation is performed on another dataset coming from General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command. A mean sensitivity and a mean specificity of the proposed method are 0.85 and 0.82, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the satisfactory classification performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic identification of abnormal cervical cells, including feature representation, feature combination and classification strategy, is highly demanded in women's annual cervical cancer screenings. However, previous methods only deal with one or two of these three phases, and currently there is few complete framework for this problem. A novel three‐phrase boosting framework is proposed for the detection of abnormal cells from cervical smear images. First, the authors extract 160 dimensional features with respect to each cervical cell from three aspects, including cytology morphology, chromatin pathology and region intensity. In particular, 106 dimensional chromatin pathology features are newly adopted to describe the nucleus textural transformation. Second, an adaptive feature combination method is introduced to select the optimal feature patterns, which can combine all features using a reinforced margin‐based approach with the heuristic knowledge. Finally, a two‐stage classification strategy is presented to reduce erroneous classification abnormal cells using two different classifiers. Experimental results achieve state‐of‐the‐art performance and the proposed framework outperforms the other 16 compared detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]