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In time-series forecasting, it is an important task to make an accurate and interpretable long-term prediction. In this article, we present a novel approach developed from the perspective of granular computing (GrC) to realize the long-term prediction of time series. The proposed method first employs a sliding window strategy to smooth on the raw time series. Subsequently, the smoothed time series is transformed into the corresponding granular time series that is depicted by evolving shape with the aid of the clustering algorithm based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance. Finally, a Takagi–Sugeno (TS) architecture-like granular model (GrM) is formed by deriving the relations implying in the granular time series and offers the granular output in the numeric vector format. The GrM adopts the pattern-to-pattern inference mechanism to realize the long-term prediction of time series at the vector level. Experiments on several datasets demonstrate that the proposed method not only has the ability to circumvent the cumulative error but also makes the resulting GrM equip better interpretability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth observation resources are becoming increasingly indispensable in disaster relief, damage assessment, and other related domains. Many unpredictable factors, such as changes in observation task requirements, bad weather, and resource malfunctions, may cause the scheduled observation scheme to become infeasible. In these cases, it is crucial to promptly reformulate high-quality observation schemes while exerting minimal negative effects on the previously scheduled tasks. Accordingly, in this study, a bottom-up distributed coordination framework together with an improved contract net is proposed, aiming to facilitate dynamic task replanning for heterogeneous Earth observation resources. This hierarchical framework consists of three levels: 1) neighboring resource coordination; 2) single planning center coordination; and 3) multiple planning center coordination. The observation tasks affected by unpredicted factors are managed along with a bottom-up route from resources to planning centers. This bottom-up distributed coordination framework transfers part of the computing load to various nodes of the observation systems to plan tasks more efficiently and robustly. To support the prompt replanning of multiple tasks to proper Earth observation resources in dynamic environments, we propose a multiround combinatorial allocation (MCA) method. Moreover, a new float interval-based local search algorithm is proposed to quickly obtain a promising replanning scheme. The simulation results demonstrate that the MCA method can achieve a better task completion rate for large-scale tasks with satisfactory time efficiency. In addition, this method can efficiently obtain replanning schemes based on original schemes in dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the conditions that: 1) same linguistic term means different things for different people; 2) flexible semantics cannot be represented by original linguistic term; and 3) some semantics given by decision makers are possible to be changed during the consistency improving process, we bring some flexibility and personality into hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference matrix structures by allowing the linguistic preference matrices to be granular rather than numeric, providing a new characterization of linguistic preference matrices. Inspired by the thought of granular computing, this article proposes a new hesitant fuzzy linguistic method to deal with issues when a lot of decision makers provide hesitant and uncertain preference information in the decision-making process. First, we design a multiplicative consistency index and calculate its thresholds corresponding to different dimensions of preference matrix by the Monte Carlo experiment. Then, we construct a hesitant fuzzy linguistic model with granularity level, so as to recharacterize original assessment information and improve the consistency of preference matrices as far as possible. Considering the features of some large-scale group decision-making situation, where the decision makers have little opportunity to take part in multiple consensus reaching processes, hesitant fuzzy linguistic fuzzy $C$ -means clustering algorithm is developed to integrate the assessment information given by decision makers. Finally, the final decision-making results are derived. An illustrative example of assessing psychological situation of some COVID-19 infected persons clarifies the reasonability of the proposed method. Finally, we complete some comparative studies and simulation experiments to demonstrate the method’s validity and advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in deep learning have tremendously leveraged the performance of network representation learning (NRL). Multiple deep learning-based NRL models have been proposed recently to effectively handling primitive tasks of information network analysis and mining (INAM) domain, including link prediction (LP). LP is considered as an important one due to its multiple applications in many disciplines. In the recent few years, LP in dynamic networks has attracted a lot of attention from researchers to propose novel algorithms for better capturing both rich structural and evolutional information of complex information networks (INs). However, recent models are mainly concentrated on preserving the sequential representations of a given network over time. They have largely ignored other important structural features, such as: intracommunity which contributes to the creation of links between network nodes. In this article, we propose a novel community-driven dynamic NRL technique upon the RNN+GCN framework, called: ComGCN. Specifically, the ComGCN model is a combination of microscopic (node embedding-based) and mesoscopic (intracommunity-based) dynamic network embedding approach which enable effectively handling the LP problem in context of dynamism. Extensive experiments on real-world dynamic networks demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model compared with recent state-of-the-art baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant data with limited labeling are a widespread bottleneck in multilabel learning. Active learning (AL) is an effective solution to gradually enhance model robustness, however how to effectively extend instance selection criteria to multilabel case remains challenging. Considering the label specificity and label correlation, a granular batch mode-based ranking active model for the multilabel (GBRAML) is proposed. Taking a bottom-up view, three granulation operators are successively constructed to formulate three granular structures. In low-level granulation operator, auxiliary label is introduced to enhance the informativeness and representativeness of each label. The contribution of labels to the usefulness of instances is incorporated with pair-wise label correlation, and is considered in the middle-level granulation operator. The labeling priority is determined by ranking the scorings coming from high-level granulation operator. To alleviate the impact of skewed label correlation, we take a three-way strategy on fitness of representative label correlation, thus a three-way GBRAML model (TGBRAML) is devised. Extensive experiments on six multilabel benchmark demonstrate GBRAML gains 5.4% and 210.1% improvement on MicroF1 and Average Precision over state-of-the-art batch mode multilabel active learning. The effectiveness of three-way decisions in multilabel AL is also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While granular computing has experienced rapid growth in the past decades and some milestones have been reached, a comprehensive study of the representation capabilities delivered by numeric prototypes and granular prototypes produced by different techniques still calls for comprehensive research and a comparative analysis. Well-constructed information granules are reflective of the nature of the numeric evidence and serve as backbones of granular classifiers and granular models. The objective of this study is to review a number of clustering paradigms aimed at the construction of information granules, discuss the development of granular prototypes, and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of quality of numeric prototypes and their corresponding augmentations coming in the form of granular prototypes. We have been witnessing many studies devoted to the construction of information granules, but a comparative analysis of the quality of information granules constructed on a basis of prototypes produced by different clustering algorithms is still lacking. In this regard, the review of the clustering algorithms supporting the formation of information granules and the comprehensive comparative study of their usefulness in classification and modeling tasks offered in this study make sense. This will promote the usage of information granules in various future works, especially classification problem and system modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a general solution based on reinforcement learning for the agile satellite scheduling problem. The core idea of this method is to determine a value function for evaluating the long-term benefit under a certain state by training from experiences, and then apply this value function to guide decisions in unknown situations. First, the process of agile satellite scheduling is modeled as a finite Markov decision process with continuous state space and discrete action space. Two subproblems of the agile Earth observation satellite scheduling problem, i.e., the sequencing problem and the timing problem are solved by the part of the agent and the environment in the model, respectively. A satisfactory solution of the timing problem can be quickly produced by a constructive heuristic algorithm. The objective function of this problem is to maximize the total reward of the entire scheduling process. Based on the above design, we demonstrate that Q-network has advantages in fitting the long-term benefit of such problems. After that, we train the Q-network by Q-learning. The experimental results show that the trained Q-network performs efficiently to cope with unknown data, and can generate high total profit in a short time. The method has good scalability and can be applied to different types of satellite scheduling problems by customizing only the constraints checking process and reward signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorting solutions play a key role in using evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to solve many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs). Generally, different solution-sorting methods possess different advantages in dealing with distinct MaOPs. Focusing on this characteristic, this article proposes a general voting-mechanism-based ensemble framework (VMEF), where different solution-sorting methods can be integrated and work cooperatively to select promising solutions in a more robust manner. In addition, a strategy is designed to calculate the contribution of each solution-sorting method and then the total votes are adaptively allocated to different solution-sorting methods according to their contribution. Solution-sorting methods that make more contribution to the optimization process are rewarded with more votes and the solution-sorting methods with poor contribution will be punished in a period of time, which offers a good feedback to the optimization process. Finally, to test the performance of VMEF, extensive experiments are conducted in which VMEF is compared with five state-of-the-art peer many-objective EAs, including NSGA-III, SPEA/R, hpaEA, BiGE, and grid-based evolutionary algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the overall performance of VMEF is significantly better than that of these comparative algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In computing with words, it has been stressed that words mean different things for different people, which entails that decision makers (DMs) have personalized individual semantics (PISs) attached to linguistic expressions in linguistic group decision making (GDM). In particular, the PISs of DMs are not fixed, and they will be changing during the consensus building process, which indicates the necessary of continual PIS learning. Therefore, in this article, we propose a continual PIS-learning-based consensus approach in linguistic GDM. Specifically, a continual PIS learning model with the consistency-driven methodology is proposed to update the PISs taking into account all the linguistic preference data given by DMs during the consensus process. Then, the consensus measurement and feedback recommendation based on PIS are developed to detect the consensus process. Finally, numerical examples and simulation analysis are presented to illustrate and justify the use of the continual PIS-learning-based consensus approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new variant of the two-echelon routing problem is investigated, where the truck and the drone are used to cooperatively complete the deliveries of all parcels. The truck not only acts as a tool for parcel delivery but also serves as a moving depot for the drone. The drone can carry several parcels and take off from the truck, while returning to the truck after completing the delivery. The energy consumption model for the routing process of the drone is analyzed, when it is utilized to deliver multiple parcels. A two-stage route-based modeling approach is proposed to optimize both the truck’s main route and the drone’s adjoint flying routes. A hybrid heuristic integrating nearest neighbor and cost saving strategies is developed to quickly construct a feasible solution. The simulated annealing algorithm is integrated with Tabu search, to improve the quality of the solution as well as the search efficiency. Random instances at different scales are used to test the performance of the proposed algorithm. A case study based on the practical road network in Changsha, China, is presented, through which the sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to some critical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the number of optimization objectives, balancing the convergence and diversity in evolutionary multiobjective optimization becomes more intractable. So far, a variety of evolutionary algorithms have been proposed to solve many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs) with more than three objectives. Most of the existing algorithms, however, find difficulties in simultaneously counterpoising convergence and diversity during the whole evolutionary process. To address the issue, this paper proposes to solve MaOPs via multistage evolutionary search. To be specific, a two-stage evolutionary algorithm is developed, where the convergence and diversity are highlighted during different search stages to avoid the interferences between them. The first stage pushes multiple subpopulations with different weight vectors to converge to different areas of the Pareto front. After that, the nondominated solutions coming from each subpopulation are selected for generating a new population for the second stage. Moreover, a new environmental selection strategy is designed for the second stage to balance the convergence and diversity close to the Pareto front. This selection strategy evenly divides each objective dimension into a number of intervals, and then one solution having the best convergence in each interval will be retained. To assess the performance of the proposed algorithm, 48 benchmark functions with 7, 10, and 15 objectives are used to make comparisons with five representative many-objective optimization algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicriteria decision making (MCDM) problems are often encountered in complex system design. Most of them need to be evaluated with a large number of interactive and qualitative indices, which are difficult to be addressed effectively through the existing methods. In this paper, a novel fuzzy Choquet integral-based grey comprehensive evaluation (GCE) method, called fuzzy grey Choquet integral (FGCI), is proposed to evaluate MCDM problems with many interactive and qualitative indices. In this method, expert evaluation of qualitative indices is represented through fuzzy linguistic values. Fuzzy values are defuzzified and standardized to obtain the original evaluation matrix. The original values are replaced by the correlation coefficients, which, to a certain extent, eliminate the influence of experts’ subjective preference. An improved teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm is employed to identify $ {\lambda }$ -fuzzy-measures following the weights given by experts in order to enhance the consistency of weights. Then the correlation coefficients are aggregated through Choquet integral among ${\lambda }$ -fuzzy-measures, which can reflect interactions among indices. In addition, according to the characteristics of ${\lambda }$ -fuzzy-measures, the construction guidelines for a corresponding index system are given to overcome the limitations of FGCI. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated via a practical example of green design evaluation and compared with the GCE method. The results validate its feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In evolutionary computation, balancing the diversity and convergence of the population for multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) is one of the most challenging topics. Decomposition-based MOEAs are efficient for population diversity, especially when the branch partitions the objective space of multiobjective optimization problem (MOP) into a series of subspaces, and each subspace retains a set of solutions. However, a persisting challenge is how to strengthen the population convergence while maintaining diversity for decomposition-based MOEAs. To address this issue, we first define a novel metric to measure the contributions of subspaces to the population convergence. Then, we develop an adaptive strategy that allocates computational resources to each subspace according to their contributions to the population. Based on the above two strategies, we design an objective space partition-based adaptive MOEA, called OPE-MOEA, to improve population convergence, while maintaining population diversity. Finally, 41 widely used MOP benchmarks are used to compare the performance of the proposed OPE-MOEA with other five representative algorithms. For the 41 MOP benchmarks, the OPE-MOEA significantly outperforms the five algorithms on 28 MOP benchmarks in terms of the metric hypervolume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, this article examines and reports on its past to current topical coverage of systems science and engineering toward exploring the evolving focus of the research community. Results of a systematic bibliometric analysis are presented with associated conclusions, implications, and summary of topical areas. In addition, respective views regarding the current state of the field and where it is headed are offered by recent leaders of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society, including its continued relevance and role in the advancement of systems technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquired industrial data often contain missing outputs because of the irregularities of complicated industrial environment, which make the outputs of the training dataset incomplete. In this paper, a semi-supervised sparse Bayesian regression model is proposed for dealing with the incomplete outputs problem by employing a variational inference technique. Within the settings of specific hierarchical priors over the missing outputs, in this paper, we derive the posterior probability distribution over the uncertain variables including the missing outputs. Given that the posterior distribution is not analytically tractable, a hybrid learning procedure is designed for combining the variational inference with a gradient-based method to obtain optimal approximate posteriors. To verify the performance of the proposed method, a number of comparative experiments are conducted and analyzed by using the datasets (including artificial and real world ones) coming with different proportions of missing outputs. Compared to the existing semi-supervised regression approaches, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-way decisions play an important role in rough sets and decision theory. As a representative model, decision-theoretic rough sets (DTRSs) provide a sound interpretation of thresholds used in three-way decisions. This problem is associated with the determination of the loss function of DTRSs. In this paper, we investigate a novel way of determining the loss functions of DTRSs with relative values. More specifically, with the aid of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, the determination of loss functions is realized in the context of DTRSs. First, a hierarchical structure of DTRSs is constructed. Second, along the hierarchical structure, pairwise comparison matrices are analyzed in a top-down fashion. In light of the generic condition imposed on the loss functions of DTRSs, some constraints on relative values between loss functions are introduced. The relative ratios at each level are computed. Considering the consistency ratio (CR) of the reciprocal matrices, two mathematical programming approaches are developed by exploiting the flexibility of information granularity. Then, we design a decision procedure for the determination of loss functions and deduce three-way decisions. The loss functions are calculated by aggregating the relative ratios being available at each level. With regard to the loss functions, we finally compare the existing studies with the AHP method. We demonstrate that the relative value with AHP improves the restriction of the existing studies and exhibits a certain level of tolerance to inconsistency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]