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High penetration of distributed generation (DG) resources is increasingly observed worldwide. The evolution of this process in each country highly depends on the cost of traditional technologies, market design, and promotion programs and subsidies. Nevertheless, as this trend accelerates, higher levels of penetration will be achieved and, in turn, a competitive market integration of DG will be needed for an adequate development of the power sector. This paper proposes a competitive market integration mechanism for DG in a pool-based system. The mechanism encompasses both energy and capacity payment procedures in the wholesale market with DG units located at the distribution level. The proposed model is validated for the current Chilean regulation framework and extended to more general market structures. The model can be considered a novel development on the design of competitive markets for DG resources, which are still dominated by subsidies/compensation schemes. Index Terms--Capacity payments, distributed generation (DG), energy, market design, pool market.

This work presents a novel day-ahead energy acquisition model for a distribution company (DisCo) in a competitive market based on Pool and financial bilateral contracts. The market structure encompasses wholesale generation companies, distributed generation (DG) units of independent producers, DG units owned by the DisCo, and load curtailment options. Thus, while satisfying its technical constraints, the DisCo purchases active and reactive power according to the offers of DG units, customers, and the wholesale market. The resulting optimal power flow model is implemented with an object-oriented approach, which is solved numerically by making use of a branch and border sequential quadratic programming algorithm. The model is validated in test systems and then applied to a real case study. Results show the general applicability of the proposed model, with potential cost savings for the DisCo. Finally, the analysis of Lagrange multipliers gives valuable information, which can be used to improve the market design and to extend the use of the model to a more general market structure such as a power exchange. Index Terms--Ancillary services, distributed generation, market design, optimal power flow (OPF), quadratic programming.

This paper presents a formulation of the Optimal Power Flow problem with an explicit modeling of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) devices. The optimization problem is solved by using Sequential Quadratic Programming, where two convergence criteria and four different methods are studied to solve the quadratic subproblems. The proposed model is integrated in an object-oriented based decision support platform for competitive power markets. Validation of the method and practical applications to real longitudinal systems are discussed, where FACTS location and a UPFC-based interconnection are described. Results show the impact of SVC and UPFC FACTS technologies in the physical and economic behavior of a real system. Index Terms--FACTS, optimal power flow (OPF), quadratic programming (QP), Static Var Compensator (SVC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).

The consideration of uncertainties in the future system operation is a key aspect in current planning methodologies. In this context, load flow studies based on probabilistic theory, fuzzy numbers, and Monte Carlo simulations have been proposed in the literature. This work analyzes in a novel way the application of fuzzy number arithmetic for the DC load flow problem. In this sense, fuzzy sets theory is reviewed and is showed that there are two alternative and valid procedures to perform a subtraction. A key aspect for the right selection of one of these procedures is the independency or dependency among the involved variables. Assuming input data as independent variables, this work is focused on analyzing the fuzzy subtraction between dependent state variables of the system, such as voltage phase angle. Accordingly, two new valid alternative methodologies are proposed and applied to case studies. Results are compared to previous related works showing the consistency of the proposed methodologies. Future research will be focused on the consideration of ohmic losses and AC network modeling in the field of expansion planning studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]