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This paper introduces an alternative pathway to designing an efficient interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM) for direct–drive (D-D) wind energy applications. It analyzes the design optimization methodology in great detail, employing multiple experimental verifications to acutely pinpoint the most desirable and feasible format. The focal objectives of minimizing cogging torque, torque ripple, and maximizing efficiency were among the priority design goals and obtained through design optimization. It is demonstrated in the process that both the torque ripple and the cogging torque can be reduced to less than 5% by adjusting the slot and pole dimensions, without any other alterations in rotor pole shaping or skewing. This paper leads the way, pioneering experimental substantiation of theory, by varying existing geometrical parameters, winding, and pole design of a basic IPMM to come up with a highly efficient wind turbine generator with negligible cogging torque and torque ripple. The electromagnetic is at the heart of this paper’s design goals, as parameter optimization is essential for a wind turbine application. The winding layout is brought under scrutiny and both the distributed and concentrated wound IPMMs are compared to further adopt the design optimization. The superiority of the concentrated-wound design is demonstrated, and consequently a prototype machine is constructed based on the proposed design for experimental verification. The results from the experiment verify the feasibility of the proposed design for D-D wind turbine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs an overhang structure for axial flux permanent magnet motor to enhance the torque density. However, the overhang structure requires a computationally expensive 3-D finite-element method (FEM) for analysis, because a quasi-3-D FEM cannot be applied to such a geometry. Thus, in order to reduce the computational cost of above-mentioned topology, this paper adopts a field reconstruction method (FRM). The conventional FRM is applicable only in the case, where the slot pitch to teeth length ratio is the same along radial direction. To address this problem, we introduce a virtual air gap concept so that it can take into account parallel slot effect as well as overhang effect. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the 3-D FEM and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical calculation of magnetic forces is currently an interesting alternative to the time-consuming 3-D finite-element method due to their high accuracy and low computational cost. In this paper, a new semi-analytical solution for determining the levitation force of the repulsive magnetic guidance that has a significant role for controlling and developing high precision magnetic levitation positioning system is presented. An important result is that this new expression, compared with other known equations in the literature, considers the position dependence of the magnetic levitation force over the whole travel range. In order to derive this force, the magnetic field of the permanent magnet is first calculated by introducing and solving the magnetic scalar potential. Taking Lorentz force law into consideration, the proposed equation is finally derived. This semi-analytical equation is suitable for designing and optimizing the magnetic guidance. Furthermore, it can also be used for developing other ironless actuators. The calculated levitation force from the derived equation and the verification by measurements are likewise presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel modular relieving-dc-saturation Vernier reluctance machine for electric vehicle application, which integrates the merits of a robust structure, controllable excitation field, strong fault-tolerant capacity, and enhanced torque density, benefiting from its special relieving-dc-saturation design. In the proposed machine, zero-sequence current establishes a modular magnetic path and functions as the dominant excitation source for the torque generation. Especially, slot permanent magnets are introduced into each module, which mitigates the saturation effect in stator core caused by dc-biased flux with the zero-sequence current source. Therefore, the proposed machine can achieve enhanced torque density with relatively high current density. In this paper, the machine structure and operation principle are illustrated in detail, with its electromagnetic performance evaluated by time-stepping finite-element analysis. It is revealed that, due to its relieving-dc-saturation ability, torque density of the proposed machine is enhanced by about 20% with high current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a flux-intensifying permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (FI-PMa-SynRM) using surface-inset permanent magnet (PM) instead of embedded PM in the rotor. The proposed FI-PMa-SynRM employs a small amount of PM that is inset on the rotor surface facing $d$ -axis instead of facing $q$ -axis as in common PMa-SynRMs. It also differs from conventional flux-intensifying interior PM motor, where the PM is embedded inside the rotor. The proposed motor enables making use of the arrangements of two types of flux barriers (FBs): the cutoff FB and the magnet FB, collectively referred to the outer FBs, to enhance the torque output and reduce the torque ripple. The first objective in this paper is to explain the principles of the proposed FI-PMa-SynRM, and the second is to analyze the proposed technique for enhancement of the torque output with small PM volume while keeping the lowest possible torque ripple. The finite-element analysis is employed to validate the proposed motor and analyses, and the results demonstrate their advantages and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new cableless transportation system that associates a magnetic actuator with the piping system in which it travels. To achieve high-speed transport within the pipe, the proposed actuator must show excellent movement characteristics. An aluminum pipe was cut in half longitudinally, and an alternating current was passed through the cut piping. The proposed cableless actuator powered by an electric current supplied by an electric brush was demonstrated to be capable of high-speed movement in a curved pipe. A scheme of attaching a cargo container to a nodal point of the actuator using a flexible rod was also proposed. The experimental results show that the actuator can be driven through the pipe even when the curved pipe is nearly U-shaped. Furthermore, the cableless actuator transporting a cargo mass of 30 g can be driven at a speed of 87.9 cm/s in a curved aluminum pipe with a curvature angle of 22.5°. The method established in this paper is considered to be applicable to the high-speed transport of lightweight reagents, bacteria, and microfluidic chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new Vernier reluctance machine (VRM) drive for electric vehicle. The key is to incorporate both stator-slot permanent magnets (PMs) and zero-sequence current as the excitation source to establish a parallel magnetic field and interact with armature winding. In this way, two different machines, namely, slot-PM-excited VRM and dc-excited doubly salient machine, are artificially integrated into a single structure, which contributes to enhance the torque density. Moreover, flexible flux control can be realized by regulating zero-sequence current. In this paper, the machine structure and operation principle are introduced, with its feasibility verified by both finite-element analysis and prototype experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a motor that was designed to satisfy the size constraints of system by using ferrite magnet and has the same performance as rare-earth magnet motor. In general, the size of the motor is increased in order to meet the same performance of motor using a ferrite magnet, because of its very low energy density compared to the rare-earth magnet. In order to compensate for these drawbacks, spoke structures capable of generating maximum magnetic flux at the same rotor size have been frequently studied. However, the spoke type motor structure has a drawback that demagnetization occurs in a magnet-specific portion. However, because it affects harmonics of the airgap flux density by demagnetization, it affects mechanical torque ripple and vibration. Therefore, in this paper, the changed air-gap flux density due to the demagnetization phenomenon and the changed mechanical vibration are analyzed by the finite-element method. In addition, we proposed an optimal rotor structure that can reduce the demagnetization phenomenon of magnets in spoke interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. Experiments were performed to evaluate the reliability of the optimized design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hybrid-flux permanent-magnet (PM) generator, which has both axial flux and radial flux, is proposed. An axial-flux PM generator is designed by a reluctance network method and the 3-D finite element method. Using these results, this paper proposes a radial-flux and hybrid-flux machine, whose main dimensions are chosen to the same values as a commercialized one. The proposed hybrid-flux machine has the largest output power per volume. The power density of the proposed generator is 9.4 times larger than that of the commercialized one. The efficiencies of the proposed hybrid generator and a radial generator are same as each other, and are larger than those of an axial and the commercialized generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of low static magnetic fields for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal detection remains a challenge due to low signal-to-noise ratio, low energy difference between energy levels, and less spin transitions due to limited availability of spins. Despite these challenges, different measurement techniques based on low static magnetic fields, stray magnetic fields, and non-uniform fields have been implemented. In this paper, an approach toward using low static fields generated by permanent magnets for portable magnetic resonance applications is described. Finite element simulation models of different magnet geometries are used to develop an estimate of the magnetic field distribution exterior to the magnet. A concentric ring magnet geometry is selected to obtain flexible control of localized regions of uniform magnetic field. An estimate of the NMR voltage for different magnet sizes and orientations is presented. It is expected that the findings of this paper would be valuable for design of future portable magnetic resonance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the multi-material topology optimization for the simultaneous design of segmented permanent magnet (PM) arrays, coil, and iron materials in magnetic actuators. Specifically, the proposed approach can find the optimal layout and shape of PM, coil, and iron materials, as well as the optimal border and magnetization direction of segmented PM arrays. For designing the layout and shape of actuator components, the discrete material optimization-type material interpolation scheme is employed in this paper. To attain the design of segmented PM arrays, an orientation design variable in Cartesian coordinate is utilized with the penalization scheme for the discrete PM magnetization directions. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed actuator design approach, two numerical examples are presented. In the examples, the actuator components (i.e., segmented PM arrays, coil winding, and back iron) are designed aiming for maximizing the magnetic force magnitude acting on the actuator plunger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through numerical simulations and calibrated experiments, the aim of the work presented in this paper is placed on the development of a polarity changeable magnetizing platform for a rotary magnetic encoder using a permanent magnet and thin silicon steel plate. Parameter studies are conducted via finite-element analyses to obtain optimized geometric design parameters for the magnetizer, leading to desirable magnetic flux density and effective magnetized patterns on the magnetic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents performance improvements of a double excitation synchronous motor by using a reluctance network (RN). The distinguishing feature of the double excitation principle is to use permanent magnets with high energy, while air-gap flux is flexibly controlled by field windings. Therefore, the first contribution of this paper focuses on maximizing air-gap flux range control. Second, an approach for torque ripple reduction is proposed by directly modifying air-gap flux according to the instantaneous torque profile. The achieved resultant torque stays almost constant for a case study. The validity of the RN method is examined by comparisons with 3-D finite element and experimental results for several machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, dual-rotor motor (DRM) has emerged as an alternative for an induction motor (IM) or a permanent-magnet (PM) motor for electric vehicle application, due to its better drive performance and better torque density. This paper presents an analytical model for the hybrid IM-PM configuration of DRM. The analytical model can be used to predict induced bar currents, electromagnetic torque generated, and magnetic fields in various regions of the motor. The mentioned calculations are performed under steady-state conditions. The analytical method is developed using the subdomain model approach in 2-D polar coordinates. Appropriate governing equations along with boundary conditions across all the sub-domain regions of the DRM are employed to calculate the magnetic vector potential in all the regions. The developed analytical model has been validated with finite-element analysis for various operating conditions, and high accuracy has been achieved for all the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to assess the efficacy of non-conformal meshing in mesh-based generated reluctance network modeling. A representative semi-numerical example is introduced to demonstrate the possibilities and accuracy offered by a non-conformal meshing. In a conformal mesh, two reluctance block elements share the same branch. This makes the computation faster and more accurate but is not convenient for motion processing or mesh relaxation and it does not solve the air-gap modeling problem (rotor/stator connectivity). To solve this, different approaches are used. The interpolation approach developed in this paper aims to render motion processing independent of discretization. This approach is also applied to couple different meshes (spatial discretization) and makes it possible to connect a lumped parameter model to a meshed one. The model is divided into independent zones that are connected via the interpolation coupling. Several reluctance network (RN) non-conformal meshes are presented and global quantities are compared to a fine-meshed finite-element model. Magnetic saturation is considered in the iron parts. Comparisons are provided under open-circuit and on-load configurations for flux linkage and force. The main advantage is to overcome the limitations of generic RN for which the movement modeling requires remeshing at each position. The drawbacks of the method are the increased number of variables (additional interface nodes) and a certain loss of accuracy due to the interpolation function order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influences of design parameters on the on-load demagnetization behavior of a switched flux hybrid magnet memory machine (SF-HMMM) are evaluated, which aims to provide a useful design guideline to avoid this performance degradation. The machine topology and on-load demagnetization phenomenon are described, respectively. Furthermore, some key design parameters are selected to optimize to elevate the operating point of the low coercive force (LCF) permanent magnets (PMs). Then, some geometric modifications are suggested to alleviate the on-load demagnetization effects. Finally, an SF-HMMM prototype is fabricated and tested to experimentally verify the finite-element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical model of magnetic field of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a trapezoidal Halbach permanent magnet array (THPMA). Compared with conventional Halbach array, the shape of each magnet in THPMA is transformed from rectangle to trapezium in polar coordinates. The THPMA is delaminated indefinitely radially and each layer is approximately considered to be a conventional Halbach array. The air-gap magnetic field of each layer is analyzed with the scalar magnetic potential. Then, the air-gap magnetic field of the THPMA is obtained by superposing magnetic fields of all layers. The validity of the analytical model is verified by a finite-element model (FEM). The air-gap flux density is optimized by adjusting the center angle coefficients of the THPMA, and a no-load phase back electromotive force (EMF) with the harmonic distortion rate (THD) of 0.75% is obtained by FEM. The back EMF is basically consistent with the measured result of a prototype motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, on the basis of a conventional 12-stator-coils/17-rotor-teeth (12/17) flux-switching permanent magnet (PM) (FSPM) machine and a 6/17 V-shaped FSPM machine, a novel 6/17 multi-tooth FSPM machine with a pair of magnets located in the upper apex of stator tooth is proposed. Then, four multi-tooth topologies sharing the same 6-stator-coils but with different rotor teeth combinations, namely, 6/17, 6/10, 6/11, and 6/13, are compared by the 2-D finite element analysis (2-D-FEA). The FEA-predicted results reveal the optimal combinations of stator coils and rotor teeth should be 6/17 for high-performance multi-tooth machines. Thereafter, an optimal design criterion of multi-tooth FSPM machines for the combinations of stator coils and rotor teeth is proposed. Afterward, electromagnetic performance evaluation between the 6/17 V-shaped and 6/17 multi-tooth machines is conducted, in terms of back electromotive force (back EMF), electromagnetic torque, cogging torque, phase inductance, unbalanced magnetic force (UMF), torque/magnet ratio, and efficiency. The comparative results indicate that the proposed 6/17 multi-tooth machine is superior to the V-shaped one, since it exhibits much higher torque/magnet ratio, larger torque, lower inductance, and much lower UMF, though the cogging torque and total harmonic distribution of phase back EMF are unfavorably larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new asymmetric planar V-shaped magnet arrangement for a linear PM synchronous motor is proposed. Several magnet arrangements for the track of the proposed linear permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor such as un-skewed magnets, conventional magnet skew, and V-shaped planar magnets have been investigated. The performance results of the linear motor with skewed magnets are compared to those of previously designed PM linear synchronous motor with conventional un-skewed rectangular-shaped (CuSRS) magnets. The forcer is kept the same for all track structures and a thorough comparison is provided for low detent force and low force ripple with the CuSRS and proposed planar V-shaped magnet skew approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual-flux-modulation consequent-pole linear permanent-magnet (DFM-CP-LPM) machine is proposed in this paper, which can be regarded as the combination of a linear flux-switching PM machine and a linear vernier PM machine. Via two sets of interoperable PMs mounted on both the primary and the secondary, the proposed machine can work in a dual-flux-modulation mode, achieving higher thrust density. Meanwhile, the consequent-pole structure is introduced, reducing approximately half of the PM usage compared to a conventional surface-mounted linear PM vernier machine (LPMVM), which will greatly reduce the cost. In this paper, the configuration and the operation principle of the novel DFM-CP-LPM are presented. Then the optimization and several thrust ripple reduction methods are introduced to improve the performance of the machine. Thermal analysis is also carried out to check the demagnetization risk of primary PMs, due to the heat from coils. Finally, the proposed machine is compared to a conventional LPMVM and a consequent-pole linear vernier permanent magnet machine with only PMs set on the secondary. The results verify the superiority of the proposed DFM-CP-LPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a loss calculation method considering minor hysteresis loops for permanent magnet (PM) motors driven by pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters. In the governing equation of the proposed method, both the effects of the major and minor hysteresis phenomena are expressed by a reaction magnetic field. This field is determined by iterative calculations of finite-element analysis (FEA) with a simple hysteresis modeling that considers the minor loops. The proposed method is applied to a PM motor, and the experimental verification is carried out. It is clarified that the minor hysteresis loops affect not only the hysteresis loss but also the eddy current loss because the skin depth varies with the differential permeability of the minor loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A separate-stator modular machine with biased flux is proposed in this paper. In this machine, the windings and the permanent magnets are located in two separate parts of the stator, which favors the heat dissipation and magnetic saturation reduction of the machine. With the specially designed stator structure, a biased flux can be introduced to flexibly regulate the excitation field by injecting a zero-sequence current into the phase windings, so that a wide operation speed range can be achieved. Moreover, a modular structure is adopted to simplify the automated manufacture assembly. In this paper, the machine configuration and the working principle are first illustrated. The effect of the design parameters on its torque capability is then investigated. A coupled electromagnetic-thermal optimization method based on the genetic algorithm and finite-element method is proposed to improve the torque performance of the machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional 12/8-pole doubly salient permanent magnet machines (DSPMMs) with outer type flux focusing method, the relatively thicker stator back iron next to magnets results in smaller slot area. This paper proposes a novel structure of DSPMMs in square envelope. In such structure, the thickness of stator back iron is roughly uniform and the magnets are inserted from the corners of square envelope to the slots. In addition, the tooth tips of all stator teeth are kept uniformly distributed on the stator bore while the tooth bodies of side stator teeth next to magnets are bended by an angle from the corresponding tooth tips. Meanwhile, the side stator teeth size should be optimized to achieve the balanced slot areas. The main parameters of the proposed and conventional structures with outer type flux focusing method are scanned for higher torque under the fixed copper loss and square envelope. The comparison between two structures shows that the proposed structure can achieve larger slot area, lower torque ripple, and 11.5% higher average torque with the same magnet usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the air-gap flux density components in the eccentric surface-mounted phase modulation (SPM) machines are predicted analytically. In the provided model, the slotting effects of the armature are taken into account. In the modeling process, conformal transformations (CTs) are employed to obtain an equivalent concentric slotless machine for the eccentric slotted PM machine. To satisfy the condition of using CTs, i.e., having a Laplace equation, the PMs are replaced with an equivalent current sheet at the surface of the rotor. The approach of finding this current sheet is approved by the basis of the electromagnetic theory. One of the contributions of this paper is that the provided model is capable of modeling the eccentric SPM machines with any PM magnetization pattern by means of CTs. Substituting the predicted air-gap flux density components in the Maxwell stress tensor, the machine unbalanced magnetic force and its cogging torque are computed. Finally, the accuracy of the obtained results is evaluated by means of finite-element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an analysis of the direct- and quadrature-axis inductances for linear tubular actuators with permanent magnet arrays, highlighting and featuring how they are affected by the end effects. A semi-analytical and an experimental analysis are performed to prove the influence of end effects on self- and mutual inductances. The synchronous parameters, i.e., d - and q -axis inductances of the actuator, are determined using a semi-analytical method and an experimental method. Once the synchronous parameters are all identified, high performance control methods (such as direct force control and vector control) may be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with equivalent 2-D finite-element (FE) models of permanent magnet lead screw (PMLS), to accurately predict the thrust force. Due to the helical-shape permanent magnets (PMs), the magnetic fields of PMLS are typically 3-D and non-symmetric. However, the PMLS is approximately symmetric in some cases and an equivalent 2-D axis-symmetric FE model is developed instead of 3-D models. The problem lies in that no evaluation about the accuracy and applicability of the 2-D axis-symmetric FE model was offered in previous literature. In this paper, the 2-D axis-symmetric FE model is derived based on the concept of equivalent current sheets of PMs. The limitations of the existing 2-D axis-symmetric FE model are clarified, and a novel equivalent 2-D torque FE model is then proposed to predict thrust force with the gear ratio when the 2-D axis-symmetric FE model is not appropriate. It is shown that the choice of equivalent 2-D FE model depends on the lead angle of PMLS, 2-D axis-symmetric FE model is applicable in the range of (0°, 15°), and 2-D torque FE model is preferred in the range of (65°, 90°). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of saving energy resources, it is extremely expected to develop highly efficient electric motors. Different types of permanent magnet (PM) arrangement can significantly affect the performance of the motors. Conventionally, the arrangement of the PMs is determined by designer’s experience. This paper focuses on the optimal design of PM arrangement in PM synchronous motors (PMSMs). We present a general pattern of the PM arrangement in PMSM. By varying the parameters of the general pattern, it can produce different types of PM arrangement in the rotor. The employed approach combines the global optimization method with the finite-element method for solving the optimization of the PM structures. Based on the proposed general pattern and optimization methods, the best PM arrangement in the motor can be automatically determined. In order to reduce computing loading, this paper employs the response surface models for reducing the computing time of objective functions. In the end, numerical tests are designed to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an engineering modeling methodology for magnetostrictive materials based on a simplified piezo-electric governing equation. For verifying the modeling performance, a proof-of-concept non-contact strain sensor utilizing a prototype magnetostrictive (Fe–Ga alloy, Galfenol) strip on a steel plate is used to evaluate sensor performance prediction. Typically, the performance of Galfenol is measured in a compressional load region because it has a higher response. However, in this paper, we are aiming to develop a sensor for tensile stress measurement. To achieve a compression effect from a tension load in the sensing element, a Galfenol strip is aligned perpendicular to a tension bar so that tension in the bar creates compression in the strip via the Poisson effect. The experimental setup in this paper consists of a polycrystalline Galfenol strip bonded in the horizontal direction of a steel dog-bone shaped tension specimen. Permanent magnets are attached at each end of the Galfenol strip to provide an even magnetic bias field through the strip. The magnetic flux through the Galfenol strip is measured with non-contact Hall sensors during the tensile load test. The simulation results agree well with the experiments for the value of $H$ studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a changeable winding brushless DC (BLDC) motor for the expansion of the speed region is described. The changeable winding BLDC motor is driven by a large number of phase turns at low speeds and by a reduced number of turns at high speeds. For this reason, the section where the winding changes is very important. Ideally, the time at which the windings are to be converted should be same as the time at which the voltage changes. However, if this timing is not exactly synchronized, a large current is generated in the motor, and the demagnetization of the permanent magnet occurs. In addition, a large torque ripple is produced. In this paper, we describe the demagnetization of the permanent magnet in a fault situation when the windings change, and we suggest a design process to solve this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical vibrational harvesters using a high-permeability beam in a cantilever configuration exploit the field generated by a couple of counter-polarized permanent magnets facing the vibrating strip at the free end. Such a canonical position of the magnets does not permit one, however, to highlight the importance of the bias field pattern. A proof of concept archetype is realized in this paper, by which the influence of the magnetization profile along the length of the vibrating ferromagnetic beam is put in evidence. It demonstrates, in particular, that significant variations, even by a factor of three, of the output power can be obtained by a modification of the magnets arrangement. We discussed in this paper the behavior of a cantilever-based generator, where an Fe–Co high-permeability beam is made to vibrate inside an inhomogeneous magnetic field generated by permanent magnets, whose arrangement can modified in order to vary the magnetization profile along the vibrating laminae. The effects of such a profile are measured and analyzed by means of a simple 2-D numerical model, showing that the generated power can be enhanced by conveniently acting on the magnets configuration. The measurements show that, with a host acceleration of $5g$ rms ( g = 9.81$ m/ \text{s}^{2} ), a 6.72 mW time average output power is obtained for operating frequencies around 60 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an analytical torque ripple model for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) is introduced at first, which can be used to estimate the torque ripple. Then, the inductance variation due to magnetic saturation is analyzed through experimental investigations, which demonstrates that magnetic saturation has a great influence on the inductances, and hence the torque ripple minimization performance. Thus, this paper proposes an online parameter identification approach to estimate the inductances and incorporates them into the torque ripple minimization. The proposed parameter identification approach can estimate the dq-axis inductances accurately such that it brings significant torque ripple minimization improvement for IPMSMs. Numerical and experimental investigations have been conducted to validate the proposed approach based on a laboratory IPMSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the efficiency of industrial motors is regulated through minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission. Induction motor, used as a representative industrial motor, has a limit to efficiency improvement as the result of the additional copper loss of the rotor. To replace the induction motor, design of synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM), and the application of a small amount of permanent magnet, is actively studied in the industry. However, it is necessary to develop an ultrapremium efficiency motor beyond the superpremium efficiency to fulfill MEPS, which will be strengthened in the future. Therefore, this paper presents the optimal design method of SynRM by using the finite element method and response surface method to achieve superpremium efficiency. Furthermore, the redefinition of the loading ratio with shape parameters, and the design method of PMa-SynRM, using the loading ratio, is proposed to meet the ultrapremium efficiency. It is an effective design method that can shorten the time and process when designing ultrapremium efficiency PMa-SynRM from the existing SynRM, which is already mass-produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical solution of the eddy currents in the permanent magnets (PMs) in the axial flux PM synchronous machine using a coupled solution of Maxwell’s equations and electric circuit network. This is based on calculating the axial field in an accurate way on the surface of the PM. This method is able to consider the effect of armature field and slots. The eddy currents are obtained by imposing this solution on the PM which is modeled by a simple electric network. This network is composed of simple resistances and inductances. The inductances are used to model the reaction field effect of the eddy currents flowing through the PM and also the skin effect. To show this effect, the machine is excited with different sources at different speeds. In addition, a variant of the model is made that neglects the inductances, in order to show in which conditions this low-frequency approximation is acceptable. It is concluded from this paper that inclusion of the reaction field is necessary when the machine is excited by a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) current, while for a sinusoidal excitation, the reaction field effect has minor contributions to the total eddy losses. In addition, the reaction field has major influence at higher speeds rather than lower speeds for PWM injection. In conclusions, for a preliminary design, the resistance model without the reaction field computation would be enough for the calculation of the PM losses. The circuit model is also capable of obtaining the solution with PM segmentation. In this paper, different PM segments were studied from the circuit model and the finite-element (FE) model point of view. Compared with the FE model, the circuit model has the advantage of flexibility in geometrical machine parameters, less CPU time, and accurate results for the PM losses up to 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the partial irreversible demagnetization characteristics of magnets in flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines. Two different partial demagnetization mechanisms in the FSPM machines are modeled and demonstrated. The 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) results for a baseline 10 kW 15 kr/min ferrite FSPM machine verify the validity of the proposed partial demagnetization model. Performance degradation due to demagnetization is evaluated for the baseline machine based on the FEA results. This paper also proposes a novel design to enhance the demagnetization withstand capability. This research reveals the most vulnerable region of the magnet to irreversible demagnetization in the FSPM machines. It also provides a guideline for developing demagnetization withstand capability improvement techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Incipient stator winding fault in permanent magnet synchronous wind generators (PMSWGs) is very difficult to be detected as the fault generated variations in terminal electrical parameters are very weak and chaotic. This paper simulates the incipient stator winding faults at different degree of insulation degradation of one turn in the winding of a PMSWG. Cosimulation method by combining finite element model and external circuits is used. Hilbert–Huang transformation is applied to detect the very early stage fault in interturn insulation by analyzing the stator current. Detection results show that the minimum detectable severity degree of interturn fault in this paper is 0.1488%, which is much better than the best record in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a magnetic safety evaluation of the static magnetic field produced by magnetic floors with permanent magnet properties utilized in the construction industry. The magnetic floors analyzed in this paper are composed by a concentration of 85% of isotropic strontium (Sr) ferrite powder mixed with chlorinated polyethylene. The magnetic floors are magnetized and tested in the laboratory to measure the magnetic field levels in different regions of the magnetic floors and magnetic subfloors. Finite-element (FE) simulations are carried out to compute the magnetic field produced by magnetic floors. The numerical results and laboratory tests are compared and analyzed. Values of the magnetic field between 2 and 50 mT are computed and measured in different regions of magnetic floors. Finally, the static magnetic field levels obtained in the magnetic floors are compared with the permitted magnetic field values for different electronic devices, pacemakers, and other common objects utilized by persons in buildings. The results obtained in this paper show that magnetic floors are safe, and they can be employed in buildings without putting in risk electronic devices or persons with pacemakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study on the application position of skew in order to reduce the cogging torque of a magnetic geared synchronous motor (MGM). The cogging torque affects the noise and vibration of the motor, so it should be reduced as much as possible. To solve this problem, a conventional permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor is skewed to a PM. However, unlike other synchronous motors, the MGM has pole pieces (PPs), and a larger cogging torque is generated due to a larger reluctance difference. There have been few studies on the reduction of cogging torque of MGM, so it is essential to study the skew structure of MGM. Therefore, this paper has derived the optimum skew method by comparing and analyzing three models of MGM skewed to PM, PP, and PM and PP simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the increasing need in small satellite solutions triggers the miniaturization of attitude control systems. Reaction spheres were proposed as promising replacements of conventional reaction wheels for their $4\pi $ rotations. Since the generated control torques could be about any desired axes, a single reaction sphere is sufficient for three-axis stabilizations of spacecraft. This paper presents an innovative design of reaction spheres. Its driving unit is a combination of permanent magnets (PMs) and electromagnetic induction. This enables the generation of torques about three principle axes simultaneously. Meanwhile, a contactless bearing is integrated into the actuator design. Detailed designs and working principles of the reaction sphere are described. To investigate performance characteristics of the actuator, field modeling is of great importance and provides the basis for dynamics modeling. In this paper, an improved analytical model for dynamic fields excited by slotless distributed windings is presented for the first time. To study the cross coupling between PMs and electromagnetic induction, the static field generated by PMs is also modeled analytically. These developed models are validated through comparisons with numerical simulations. Electromagnetic torques generated by the actuator are calculated through the approaches of the Maxwell stress tensor and the Lorentz force law. Torque calculations based on the analytical field models deviate from those based on the numerical model slightly, with the maximum error within 4%. This means the presented analytical models allow to predict the electromagnetic field distribution and torques precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel interior permanent magnet linear vernier machine (IPM-LVM) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. Compared to the existing surface-mounted permanent magnet linear vernier machine (SPM-LVM) and the SPM-LVM with Halbach arrays, the proposed machine can offer higher flux density in both the air-gap and armature iron core, which lead to a higher back electric motive force (back EMF) and higher thrust density under the same mover volume and heat capacity. Besides, it is proven that the proposed IPM-LVM also has a lower demagnetization risk compared to the SPM-LVM. Furthermore, in order to reduce the thrust ripple of the proposed machine, the three-sectional structure is adopted in this paper, which makes the proposed IPM-LVM exhibit high thrust density and low thrust ripple at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology that allows taking advantage of the geometrical periodicity of electrical machines together with the modeling of rotor motion. It enables by means of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to reduce the large-scale system obtained from the finite-element model to several smaller independent subsystems, allowing a shortening of the computational time. Due to DFT properties, the computational time can be more reduced especially when we consider the inter-dependence of the spectral components under either balanced or unbalanced supply condition. In addition, a further reduction is possible in the case of balanced regimes where the distribution of the eventual numerical solution is governed by a limited number of prevailing harmonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3-D modeling technique presented in this paper, predicts, with high accuracy, electromagnetic fields and corresponding dynamic effects in conducting regions for rotating machines with slotless windings, e.g., self-supporting windings. The presented modeling approach can be applied to a wide variety of slotless winding configurations, including skewing and/or different winding shapes. It is capable to account for induced eddy currents in the conductive rotor parts, e.g., permanent-magnet (PM) eddy-current losses, albeit not iron, and winding ac losses. The specific focus of this paper is to provide the reader with the complete implementation and assumptions details of such a 3-D semianalytical approach, which allows model validations with relatively short calculation times. This model can be used to improve future design optimizations for machines with 3-D slotless windings. It has been applied, in this paper, to calculate fixed parameter Faulhaber, rhombic, and diamond slotless PM machines to illustrate accuracy and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Computer simulations of the magnetizing process have been carried out by applying a numerical model to the theory of magnetization and demagnetization for magnetic materials. The numerical model (written using the Python programming language) is able to calculate the magnetization/demagnetization of the permanent magnet material according to its $B$ – H$ curves. This numerical model is combined with an existing finite-element method (FEM) model in which the result of computations is the approximated potential value in the FEM mesh. The aim of this paper was to develop a tool able to simulate the behavior of an anisotropic sintered permanent magnet during the demagnetization process. The permanent magnet material that has been studied in this paper is sintered Nd–Fe–B and it was modeled taking into account an average misalignment angle related to the magnet easy axis. This model also takes into account different demagnetizing field directions, such as a demagnetizing field perpendicular to the orientation direction, which is often ignored. It is shown that even a demagnetizing field perpendicular to the magnetization direction can produce visible demagnetization effects. A Gaussian distribution of the average misalignment angle in the permanent magnet material is also taken into account as well as its variation. Demag curves have been calculated varying the misalignment angle and the intensity and direction of the external magnetic field. The simulation results are in perfect agreement with the {1}/{\cos \theta} law. The model can be applied in many magnetization and magnetic tuning applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cogging torque is a source of vibration and noise in PM machines. Its reduction is always sought by electrical machine designers. While its study, in radial-flux PM machines, can often be done using 2-D finite element analysis (FEA), 3-D FEA is always required when it comes to its study in axial-flux PM machines (AFPM). AFPM machines have an inherent 3-D electromagnetic structure. There is a rich literature concerning the study of cogging torque in AFPM machines. Indeed, most of the authors use 3-D FEA for its study. However, 3-D FEA is time consuming and always requires expertise to be done correctly. The goal of this paper is to show that alternative techniques, to study cogging torque in AFPM machines, do exist. It is shown that the analytical approach, used in this paper, can be as efficient as the 3-D FEA while saving a huge amount of time and necessitating less initial expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach for incorporating noncuboidal and rotated cuboidal sources of magnetic field in 3-D Fourier modeling. Based on the periodicity present in the geometry, a Fourier integral is applied in two directions. By changing the integration boundaries in the $y$ -direction to a linear function of the $x$ -direction, nonideally shaped magnetic field sources (i.e., coils and permanent magnets) are incorporated. From the electromagnetic example geometries analyzed in this paper, the magnetic field as derived with 3-D Fourier is over 99% accurate compared to 3-D finite-element models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the rotor losses of coaxial magnetic gears (CMGs) with surface-mounted permanent magnets. The iron losses and PM eddy current losses that occurred in the two rotors of an existing gear are calculated and analyzed by the finite-element method. Using magnetic flux barriers in the outer rotor, a novel rotor structure for CMGs is proposed to reduce the rotor losses, in which subharmonics are considered. A 1-D magnetic permeability model is also introduced to understand the principle of reducing the main subharmonics. Then the outer rotor losses of the existing gear and proposed gear are compared. The proposed model and the results presented in this paper will give useful guidelines for a reliable design and design optimization of the CMGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of loading and slot harmonic on radial magnetic forces in a low-speed permanent magnet (PM) machine with non-overlapping concentrated windings. Vibration level of the PM machines with concentrated windings can be potentially higher compared with that of the traditional machines with distributed windings. It is mainly due to the presence of low-order spatial harmonics in radial force density distribution. In this paper, magnetic flux density distribution in the air-gap of a 120-slot/116-pole machine is computed using finite-element method. Maxwell’s stress tensor method is then employed to calculate radial and tangential forces in the air-gap. Flux density and radial and tangential force distributions are studied in different loading conditions and the effect of d - and q -axis currents are investigated. It is shown how the lowest mode of vibration is produced by different harmonic pairs in the flux density. It is found that d -axis current significantly changes the amplitude of the lowest spatial harmonic of the radial force distribution and consequently the vibration behavior. The main reason is found to be the changes in the amplitude of the slot harmonic, which is heavily affected by loading. Experimental tests are carried out to compare the vibration level of a PM generator supplying resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. There is a good agreement between simulations and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical method for calculating the no-load magnetic field of external rotor permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (PMBLDCM) used as in-wheel motor of electric vehicle in the stator static coordinate and the rotor motion coordinate is presented in this paper. First, the analytic formulas of slotless permanent magnetic field in both coordinate systems are derived, respectively. Then, the complex relative permeance of external rotor PMBLDCM in both coordinate systems is calculated. Finally, the analytical solution of the no-load magnetic field in both coordinate systems is derived by applying the magnetic potential multiplied by the complex relative permeance. In this paper, a 46-pole-51-slot external rotor PMBLDCM is taken as an example, and the accuracy of the proposed analytical model is verified by the finite-element results. Based on the analytical model, the influences of the stator slotting effect on the no-load magnetic field of the external rotor and the inner stator are analyzed. The spatial order characteristics and frequency characteristics of the no-load magnetic field of the external rotor PMBLDCM in both coordinate systems are revealed, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare-earth permanent magnets (REPMs) are central to the electromagnetic energy conversion process in permanent-magnet synchronous and flux-switching machines. To design the magnetic circuit and a magnetizing circuit for post-assembly magnetization, it is indispensable to describe the magnetization behavior of the REPMs accurately. Commonly, simplified models are used that are often not capable to replicate the non-linearity, magnetic hysteresis, and magnetic anisotropy. In this paper, four different REPMs are methodologically characterized by using a pulsed-field magnetometer. Their first-order return curves and magnetization behavior, starting from the virgin state, are recorded and used to parameterize and validate two different pragmatic hysteresis models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously been proposed a novel adaptive finite-element method (FEM) based on a magnetic field conservation indicator and a non-conforming mesh-refinement technique. However, we have applied to a very simple model consisting of a single permanent magnet for basic verification of the proposed method. In this paper, we have improved an error indicator, and tried to apply a newly proposed adaptive FEM to more complicated models, where ferromagnetic material is included. The newly proposed method is superior in torque error estimation to the Zienkiewicz-Zhu error estimation method in a 3-D permanent magnet motor model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an outer rotor and spoke type longitudinal flux direct-drive machine with advantages such as high precision, robustness, reliability, no backlash and a simple structure for large diameter turret applications. This paper deals with the optimum design using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) with the many design variables of the developed motor. The effective design variables are selected by screening using an analysis of means (AMOM). This paper presents an optimum design for maximum torque and efficiency with the constraints of torque ripple ratio and maximum current using response surface methodology (RSM). The simulation results are compared with the experiment, and are within a 3% deviation of each other in the first prototype. All design performances of the second prototype are verified successfully. The predicted optimum design performances are consistent with the simulation results with a maximum error of 0.283%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]