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Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are nowadays the best tradeoff between performance, cost, and lifetime to store electric power and energy effectively. The reliable determination of the batteries’ instantaneous power capability and energy content is mandatory for many mobile high-energy and power-consuming applications. Herein, the battery impedance and state of charge (\SOC) are the relevant values. In energy storage systems, these values are to be considered for each battery cell individually, due to arising limitations caused by cell-specific variations. Simple algorithms to determine the battery system’s impedance and \SOC are presented including parameter and state-estimation techniques. Furthermore, methods are derived making the impedance and \SOC determination possible for a large number of particular cells in a battery system. The applicability of the demonstrated algorithms for battery control unit implementation is proved incorporating data achieved from load scenarios applied to a cell stack Li-ion battery module. Cell impedance and \SOC variations could be detected precisely. Moreover, a combination of impedance and \SOC spread was identified during typical battery operation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]