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Objective: Many common eye diseases and cardiovascular diseases can be diagnosed through retinal imaging. However, due to uneven illumination, image blurring, and low contrast, retinal images with poor quality are not useful for diagnosis, especially in automated image analyzing systems. Here, we propose a new image enhancement method to improve color retinal image luminosity and contrast. Methods: A luminance gain matrix, which is obtained by gamma correction of the value channel in the HSV (hue, saturation, and value) color space, is used to enhance the R, G, and B (red, green and blue) channels, respectively. Contrast is then enhanced in the luminosity channel of L*a*b* color space by CLAHE (contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization). Image enhancement by the proposed method is compared to other methods by evaluating quality scores of the enhanced images. Results: The performance of the method is mainly validated on a dataset of 961 poor-quality retinal images. Quality assessment (range 0–1) of image enhancement of this poor dataset indicated that our method improved color retinal image quality from an average of 0.0404 (standard deviation 0.0291) up to an average of 0.4565 (standard deviation 0.1000). Conclusion: The proposed method is shown to achieve superior image enhancement compared to contrast enhancement in other color spaces or by other related methods, while simultaneously preserving image naturalness. Significance: This method of color retinal image enhancement may be employed to assist ophthalmologists in more efficient screening of retinal diseases and in development of improved automated image analysis for clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Goal: Reliable recognition of microaneurysms (MAs) is an essential task when developing an automated analysis system for diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection. In this study, we propose an integrated approach for automated MA detection with high accuracy. Methods: Candidate objects are first located by applying a dark object filtering process. Their cross-section profiles along multiple directions are processed through singular spectrum analysis. The correlation coefficient between each processed profile and a typical MA profile is measured and used as a scale factor to adjust the shape of the candidate profile. This is to increase the difference in their profiles between true MAs and other non-MA candidates. A set of statistical features of those profiles is then extracted for a K-nearest neighbor classifier. Results: Experiments show that by applying this process, MAs can be separated well from the retinal background, the most common interfering objects and artifacts. Conclusion: The results have demonstrated the robustness of the approach when testing on large scale datasets with clinically acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Significance: The approach proposed in the evaluated system has great potential when used in an automated DR screening tool or for large scale eye epidemiology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinal arteriovenous (AV) nicking is one of the prominent and significant microvascular abnormalities. It is characterized by the decrease in the venular caliber at both sides of an artery-vein crossing. Recent research suggests that retinal AV nicking is a strong predictor of eye diseases such as branch retinal vein occlusion and cardiovascular diseases such as stroke. In this study, we present a novel method for objective and quantitative AV nicking assessment. From the input retinal image, the vascular network is first extracted using the multiscale line detection method. The crossover point detection method is then performed to localize all AV crossing locations. At each detected crossover point, the four vessel segments, two associated with the artery and two associated with the vein, are identified and two venular segments are then recognized through the artery-vein classification method. The vessel widths along the two venular segments are measured and analyzed to compute the AV nicking severity of that crossover. The proposed method was validated on 47 high-resolution retinal images obtained from two population-based studies. The experimental results indicate a strong correlation between the computed AV nicking values and the expert grading with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.70. Sensitivity was 77% and specificity was 92% (Kappa \kappa = \0.70) when comparing AV nicking detected using the proposed method to that detected using a manual grading method, performed by trained photographic graders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Retinal images can be used in several applications, such as ocular fundus operations as well as human recognition. Also, they play important roles in detection of some diseases in early stages, such as diabetes, which can be performed by comparison of the states of retinal blood vessels. Intrinsic characteristics of retinal images make the blood vessel detection process difficult. Here, we proposed a new algorithm to detect the retinal blood vessels effectively. Due to the high ability of the curvelet transform in representing the edges, modification of curvelet transform coefficients to enhance the retinal image edges better prepares the image for the segmentation part. The directionality feature of the multistructure elements method makes it an effective tool in edge detection. Hence, morphology operators using multistructure elements are applied to the enhanced image in order to find the retinal image ridges. Afterward, morphological operators by reconstruction eliminate the ridges not belonging to the vessel tree while trying to preserve the thin vessels unchanged. In order to increase the efficiency of the morphological operators by reconstruction, they were applied using multistructure elements. A simple thresholding method along with connected components analysis (CCA) indicates the remained ridges belonging to vessels. In order to utilize CCA more efficiently, we locally applied the CCA and length filtering instead of considering the whole image. Experimental results on a known database, DRIVE, and achieving to more than 94% accuracy in about 50 s for blood vessel detection, proved that the blood vessels can be effectively detected by applying our method on the retinal images. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The presence of microaneurysms (MAs) is usually an early sign of diabetic retinopathy and their automatic detection from color retinal images is of clinical interest. In this paper, we present a new approach for automatic MA detection from digital color fundus images. We formulate MA detection as a problem of target detection from clutter, where the probability of occurrence of target is considerably smaller compared to the clutter. A successive rejection-based strategy is proposed to progressively lower the number of clutter responses. The processing stages are designed to reject specific classes of clutter while passing majority of true MAs, using a set of specialized features. The true positives that remain after the final rejector are assigned a score which is based on its similarity to a true MA. Results of extensive evaluation of the proposed approach on three different retinal image datasets are reported, and used to highlight the promise in the presented strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]