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WDM EPONs are rapidly becoming mature. In this article we briefly review the state of the art of cost reduction, colorless ONUs, and WDM PONs. We then lift the veil of future WDM EPONs, and elaborate on evolutionary cost-effective upgrades of WDM EPONs and their all-optical WDM integration with Ethernet-based metropolitan area networks to provide transparent connections at the wavelength and sub-wavelength granularity on demand between ONUs residing in different WDM EPONs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine granularity scalability (FGS) is a new development in the area of video coding, which is designed to facilitate video streaming over communication networks. With FGS coding, the video stream can be flexibly truncated at very fine granularity to adapt to the available network resources. In this article we introduce the communications generalist to the basic properties of FGS video coding to provide background for the design of video streaming mechanisms for FGS video. We then outline a methodology for evaluating streaming mechanisms for FOS encoded video. The methodology relies On traces of the rate-distortion characteristics of FOS encoded video and enables networking researchers and practitioners without access to video codecs and video sequences to develop and evaluate rate-distortion optimized streaming mechanisms for FGS encoded video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]