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User-centric and low-latency communications can be enabled not only by small cells but also through ubiquitous connectivity. Recently, the vertical heterogeneous network (V-HetNet) architecture has been proposed to backhaul/fronthaul a large number of small cells. Like an orchestra, the V-HetNet is a polyphony of different communication ensembles, including geostationary Earth orbit and low Earth orbit satellites (e.g., CubeSats), and networked flying platforms along with terrestrial communication links. In this study, we propose terahertz (THz) communications to enable the elements of V-HetNets to function in harmony. As THz links offer large bandwidth, leading to ultra-high data rates, it is suitable for backhauling and fronthauling small cells. Furthermore, THz communications can support numerous applications from inter-satellite links to in-vivo nanonetworks. However, to savor this harmony, we need accurate channel models. In this article, the insights obtained through our measurement campaigns are highlighted to reveal the true potential of THz communications in V-HetNets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity shares the need for Internet access. However, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that only 63 percent of the world's population is connected in 2021. The emerging low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation networks, planned to be composed of thousands of satellites, have the potential to connect all through their global footprint and bridge this ever-existing digital divide. Supported by more cost-effective launch systems and reconfigurable software architectures, the capabilities of new LEO satellites are significantly higher than traditional satellites. Moreover, these mega-constellations can provide services not only to sparsely populated areas but also to urban centers to enable and maintain their economic sustainability. However, the provision of access equality would still require architectural, management, and operational changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]