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1. A Fast and Accurate Method of Synthesizing X-Wave Launchers by Metallic Horns

Author

SrDan Pakovic, Nicola Bartolomei, Mario Junior Mencagli, Mauro Ettorre, Ronan Sauleau, David Gonzalez-Ovejero, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of North Carolina System (UNC), European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) European Union (EU), Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Brittany and Rennes Metropole, through the Contrat de plan Etat-Region (CPER) Project SOPHIE/STIC and Ondes, FACE Foundation through the Thomas Jefferson Fund, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Diffraction, Materials science, General Computer Science, Aperture, X-waves, 02 engineering and technology, Bessel beams, Axicon, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, Dispersion (optics), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, near-field focusing, General Materials Science, Electromagnetic pulse, non-diffractive waves, business.industry, mode-matching, Bandwidth (signal processing), General Engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Horn (acoustic), X-wave, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business, lcsh:TK1-9971
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents a method for synthesizing metallic horns capable of radiating highly localized electromagnetic pulses, known as X-waves. The proposed method is based on a mode-matching framework for shaped horns. The aperture field distribution required to generate X-waves is synthesized by mode conversion. The near-field horns generated by this method are full-metal structures radiating X-waves in a wide range of frequencies with low dispersion. The obtained structures may be scaled to any frequency range, and they are particularly suited to millimeter and sub-millimeter wave applications. We validate the concept by presenting a horn capable of radiating X-waves over a 44% fractional bandwidth (FBW) with a 5 degrees dispersion of the axicon angle. Capabilities and limitations of this design procedure and the synthesized launchers are demonstrated, discussed, and compared with other state-of-the-art solutions.

Published
2021

2. When Should We Use Geometrical-Based MIMO Detection Instead of Tree-Based Techniques? A Pareto Analysis

Author

Amor Nafkha, Adrien Llave, Yves Louet, Bastien Trotobas, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Nantes (UN), Signal, Communication et Electronique Embarquée (SCEE), SUPELEC-CentraleSupélec, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes (IETR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
General Computer Science, Computational complexity theory, Linear programming, Heuristic (computer science), Computer science, Pareto efficiency, Brute-force search, 02 engineering and technology, Reduction (complexity), [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, soft-output MIMO detection, Metaheuristic, Heuristic, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, General Engineering, Pareto principle, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Geometrical detection, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Heuristics, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, lcsh:TK1-9971, Algorithm, Pareto analysis
Abstract

International audience; The soft-output multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection problem has been extensively studied, and a large number of heuristics and metaheuristics have been proposed to solve it. Unlike classical tree-search based detectors, geometrical heuristic algorithms involved two consecutive steps: (i) an exploration step based on the geometry of the channel matrix singular vectors; (ii) a local exploitation step is performed in order to obtain better final solution. In this paper, new enhancements for geometrical heuristics are introduced to significantly reduce the complexity in quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and allow 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) capability through new exploration techniques. The performance-complexity trade-off between the new detector and two tree-based algorithms is investigated through Pareto efficiency. The Pareto framework also allows us to select the most efficient tuning parameters based on an exhaustive search. The proposed detector can be customized on the fly using only one or two parameters to balance the trade-off between computational complexity and bit error rate performances. Moreover, the Pareto fronts demonstrate that the new geometrical heuristic is especially efficient with QPSK since it provides a significant reduction in regards to the computational complexity while preserving good bit error rate (BER) performance and ensuring high flexibility.

Published
2020

3. Feasibility Study and Porting of the Damped Least Square Algorithm on FPGA

Author

Carlo Sau, Luigi Raffo, Claudio Rubattu, Luca Fanni, Tiziana Fanni, Francesca Palumbo, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Università degli Studi di Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [732105], University of Sassari through the Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca 2019, European Project: 9732105(1998), Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
General Computer Science, Computer science, robotic arm controller, Trajectory, Symmetric multiprocessor system, 02 engineering and technology, Kinematics, Robot kinematics, Porting, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], reconfigurable architectures, Control theory, Datapath, Cyber physical systems, design automation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, hardware, General Materials Science, Field-programmable gate array, field programmable gate arrays, Inverse kinematics, business.industry, General Engineering, 020207 software engineering, Robotics, damped least square, Manipulators, Embedded system, Task analysis, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, embedded systems, Artificial intelligence, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, heterogeneous platforms, business, Robotic arm, lcsh:TK1-9971
Abstract

International audience; Modern embedded computing platforms used within Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are nowadays leveraging more and more often on heterogeneous computing substrates, such as newest Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. Compared to general purpose platforms, which have a fixed datapath, FPGAs provide designers the possibility of customizing part of the computing infrastructure, to better shape the execution on the application needs/features, and offer high efficiency in terms of timing and power performance, while naturally featuring parallelism. In the context of FPGA-based CPSs, this article has a two fold mission. On the one hand, it presents an analysis of the Damped Least Square (DLS) algorithm for a perspective hardware implementation. On the other hand, it describes the implementation of a robotic arm controller based on the DLS to numerically solve Inverse Kinematics problems over a heterogeneous FPGA. Assessments involve a Trossen Robotics WidowX robotic arm controlled by a Digilent ZedBoard provided with a Xilinx Zynq FPGA that computes the Inverse Kinematic.

Published
2020

4. Closed-Form Expressions of Ergodic Capacity and MMSE Achievable Sum Rate for MIMO Jacobi and Rayleigh Fading Channels

Author

Amor Nafkha, Nizar Demni, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes (IRMAR), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Internal Funding from CentraleSupélec, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, General Computer Science, Computer Science - Information Theory, MIMO, channel capacity, 01 natural sciences, 010104 statistics & probability, optical fiber communication, optical crosstalk, FOS: Mathematics, Applied mathematics, Ergodic theory, General Materials Science, Fading, 0101 mathematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics, Rayleigh fading, Computer Science::Information Theory, Minimum mean square error, Information Theory (cs.IT), 010102 general mathematics, Probability (math.PR), General Engineering, [MATH.MATH-IT]Mathematics [math]/Information Theory [math.IT], Additive white noise, detection algorithms, Channel state information, Laguerre polynomials, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Random matrix, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, lcsh:TK1-9971, Mathematics - Probability
Abstract

Multimode/multicore fibers are expected to provide an attractive solution to overcome the capacity limit of the current optical communication system. In the presence of high cross-talk between modes/cores, the squared singular values of the input/output transfer matrix follow the law of the Jacobi ensemble of random matrices. Assuming that the channel state information is only available at the receiver, we derive a new expression for the ergodic capacity of the MIMO Jacobi fading channel. This expression involves double integrals which can be evaluated easily and efficiently. Moreover, the method used in deriving this expression does not appeal to the classical one-point correlation function of the random matrix model. Using a limiting transition between Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials, we derive a similar formula for the ergodic capacity of the MIMO Rayleigh fading channel. Moreover, we derive a new exact closed form expressions for the achievable sum rate of MIMO Jacobi and Rayleigh fading channels employing linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receivers. The analytical results are compared to the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and the related results available in the literature, which shows perfect agreement., Comment: 10 pages, 6 Figures, Submitted to IEEE ACCESS

Published
2020

5. Standard Condition Number Based Spectrum Sensing Under Asynchronous Primary User Activity

Author

Amor Nafkha, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), internal funding from CentraleSupélec, Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Spectrum sensing, General Computer Science, asynchronous/synchronous traffic, Computer science, Frequency band, 020209 energy, Context (language use), Throughput, 02 engineering and technology, Synchronization, standard condition number, [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Markov process, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, false-alarm probability, business.industry, Detector, General Engineering, Cognitive radio, Asynchronous communication, detection probability, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, [INFO.INFO-ET]Computer Science [cs]/Emerging Technologies [cs.ET], lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, business, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, lcsh:TK1-9971, Communication channel, Computer network
Abstract

Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technology which enables the secondary user (SU) to sense and detect the presence or absence of the primary user (PU) in the frequency band of interest. Therefore, high detection probability is needed to ensure that primary user is adequately protected, while low false-alarm probability provides the opportunity of using free channel and a better throughput performance of secondary user. Most of the studies on spectrum sensing techniques were conducted assuming a perfect synchronization between the secondary and the primary users. However, in practice, the synchronous assumption is very hard to satisfy in the context of real cognitive radio networks environment. In this paper, we present a theoretical formulation of the standard condition number (SCN) based spectrum sensing technique under an asynchronous cognitive radio networks. We assume the case where the primary users generate asynchronous slotted traffic. The standard condition number distributions under null and alternative hypotheses are derived where the secondary user is equipped with two receive antennas. Under asynchronous primary user traffic, we establish the existence of a lower limit of the false-alarm probability below which we are unable to derive a decision threshold for the SCN-based detector.

Published
2020

6. DDSA: A Defense Against Adversarial Attacks Using Deep Denoising Sparse Autoencoder

Author

Yassine Bakhti, Sid Ahmed Fezza, Wassim Hamidouche, Olivier Deforges, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Télécommunications et des TIC (INTTIC), Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, General Computer Science, Computer science, security, 02 engineering and technology, Deep neural network, [INFO.INFO-NE]Computer Science [cs]/Neural and Evolutionary Computing [cs.NE], Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Facial recognition system, [INFO.INFO-CR]Computer Science [cs]/Cryptography and Security [cs.CR], 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Robustness (computer science), Classifier (linguistics), denoising, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Set (psychology), Block (data storage), business.industry, General Engineering, Autoencoder, defense, adversarial attacks, sparse autoencoder, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Noise (video), Artificial intelligence, business, lcsh:TK1-9971, computer, MNIST database
Abstract

International audience; Given their outstanding performance, the Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) models have been deployed in many real-world applications. However, recent studies have demonstrated that they are vulnerable to small carefully crafted perturbations, i.e., adversarial examples, which considerably decrease their performance and can lead to devastating consequences, especially for safety-critical applications, such as autonomous vehicles, healthcare and face recognition. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to offer defense solutions that increase the robustness of DNNs against adversarial attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel defense solution based on a Deep Denoising Sparse Autoencoder (DDSA). The proposed method is performed as a pre-processing step, where the adversarial noise of the input samples is removed before feeding the classifier. The pre-processing defense block can be associated with any classifier, without any change to their architecture or training procedure. In addition, the proposed method is a universal defense, since it does not require any knowledge about the attack, making it usable against any type of attack. The experimental results on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets have shown that the proposed DDSA defense provides a high robustness against a set of prominent attacks under white-, gray- and black-box settings, and outperforms state-of-the-art defense methods.

Published
2019

7. Analysis of Hybrid Broadcast/Broadband Networks With Multiple Broadcasting Stations

Author

Youssef Nasser, Matthieu Crussiere, Jean-François Hélard, Oussama Bazzi, Ahmad Shokair, Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French state, 'Image and Reseaux' French business cluster, 'Cap Digital' French business cluster, Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Standards, hybrid networks, General Computer Science, Computer science, Broadband networks, stochastic geometry, Distributed computing, Geometry, 02 engineering and technology, Broadcasting, 01 natural sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Stochastic processes, Broadband, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Analytical models, network planning, DVB-T2, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, General Engineering, Access network cooperation, 0104 chemical sciences, LTE, Capacity planning, Key (cryptography), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Interference, business, lcsh:TK1-9971, mobile TV
Abstract

International audience; Hybrid broadcast/broadband network (HBBN) presents a potential solution to mitigate the increasing demand for mobile TV. A proper HBBN deployment alleviates the limitations that each standalone network faces, thereby enhancing the global network coverage and efficiency. In this paper, we propose to address the question of performance improvement expected from such HBBN by means of an analytical framework based on stochastic geometry modeling. To this end, we introduce a generic model of the HBBN where multiple broadcast transmitters and a broadband network are deployed in the same area, jointly offering linear services, one of the mobile TV services. Two different approaches derived from stochastic geometry are applied and compared through the analysis of what is commonly referred to as a Point Hole Process (PHP) Original Poisson Point Process (PPP), and reduced PPP. Both approaches are thoroughly analyzed to give better insights into broadcast/broadband coexistence while taking into account the inter-cell interference of both networks. Exact and simplified expressions for the key performance metrics are derived such as the probability of coverage and ergodic capacity. Those expressions are then used to numerically maximize the spectral and power efficiency of the HBBN regarding the broadcast coverage radius and transmitters density. The results show that for a wide range of user density, the HBBN introduces gain compared to either BB or BC networks. To the best of the authors knowledge, this paper presents the first work dealing with the optimization of HBBN based on such a generic model and taking inter-cell and inter-network interference into consideration.

Published
2019

8. PAPIFY: Automatic Instrumentation and Monitoring of Dynamic Dataflow Applications Based on PAPI

Author

Daniel Menard, Eduardo Juarez, César Sanz, Jaime Sancho, D. Madroñal, Florian Arrestier, R. Lazcano, Karol Desnos, Ruben Salvador, Antoine Morvan, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the CERBERO [732105], Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) of the Spanish Government through the PLATINO [TEC2017-86722-C4-2-R], Universidad Politecnica de Madrid through the Programa Propio Predoctoral [RR01/2016, RR01/2015], Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Rapid prototyping, code instrumentation, General Computer Science, Dataflow, Computer science, PAPI, Overhead (engineering), 02 engineering and technology, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Instrumentation (computer programming), Adaptation (computer science), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, PMCs, Application programming interface, models of computation, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, General Engineering, Control reconfiguration, 020202 computer hardware & architecture, automatic code generation, Embedded system, Performance monitoring, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, User interface, business, dataflow, lcsh:TK1-9971
Abstract

The widening of the complexity-productivity gap in application development witnessed in the last years is becoming an important issue for the developers. New design methods try to automate most designers tasks to bridge this gap. In addition, new Model of Computations (MoCs), as those dataflow-based, ease the expression of parallelism within applications, leading to higher designer productivity. Rapid prototyping design tools offer fast estimations of the soundness of design choices. A key step when prototyping an application is to have representative performance indicators to estimate the validity of those design choices. Such indicators can be obtained using hardware information, while new libraries, e.g.,Performance Application Programming Interface (PAPI), ease the access to such hardware information. In this work, Papify toolbox is presented as a tool to perform automatic PAPI-based instrumentation of dynamic dataflow applications. It combines Papify with a dataflow Y-chart based design framework, which is called Preesm, and its companion run-time reconfiguration manager, which is called Synchronous Parameterized and Interfaced Dataflow Embedded Runtime (SPiDER). Papify toolbox accounts for an automatic code generator for static and dynamic applications, a dedicated library to manage the monitoring at run-time and two User Interfaces (UIs) to ease both the configuration and the analysis of the captured run-time information. Additionally, its main advantages are 1) its capability of adapting the monitoring according to the system status and 2) adaptation of the monitoring accordingly to application workload redistribution in run-time. A thorough overhead characterization using Sobel-morpho and Stereo-matching dataflow applications shows that Papify run-time monitoring overhead is up to 10%.

Published
2019

9. Localization and Throughput Trade-Off in a Multi-User Multi-Carrier mm-Wave System

Author

Bernard Uguen, Davide Dardari, Remun Koirala, Henk Wymeersch, Benoit Denis, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], European H2020 Project 5GCAR [761510], VINNOVA COPPLAR Project through the Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation [2015-04849], European H2020 Project SECREDAS through the specific ECSEL Joint Undertaking Research and Innovation Program [783119], Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Koirala R., Denis B., Uguen B., Dardari D., Wymeersch H., and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Beamforming, General Computer Science, Computer science, Beam steering, MIMO, Context (language use), Throughput, 02 engineering and technology, Multi-user, localization, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Cramér-Rao bounds, millimeter wave communication, Angle of arrival, Telecommunications link, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, General Engineering, Cramer-Rao bounds, 020206 networking & telecommunications, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, lcsh:TK1-9971, Algorithm, Cramér-Rao bound
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we propose various localization error optimal beamforming strategies and subsequently study the trade-off between data and localization services while budgeting time and frequency resources in a multi-user millimeter-wave framework. Allocating more resources for the data service phase instead of localization would imply higher data rate but, concurrently, also a higher position and orientation estimation error. In order to characterize this trade-off, we firstly derive a flexible application-dependent localization error cost function combining the Cramer-Rao lower bounds of delay, angle of departure and/or angle of arrival estimates at a mobile receiver over the downlink. Consequently we devise different fairness criteria based localization error optimal beamforming strategies in a multi-user context. Finally, we show the advantage of the latter beamforming strategies and assess the communication-localization trade-off with respect to various time-frequency resource division schemes.

Published
2019

10. 4K Real Time Software Solution of Scalable HEVC for Broadcast Video Application

Author

Wassim Hamidouche, Pierre-Loup Cabarat, Olivier Deforges, Mickaël Raulet, Naty Sidaty, Ronan Parois, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
HEVC, Speedup, General Computer Science, Computer science, Scalable video coding, 02 engineering and technology, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, real time video codecs, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Codec, General Materials Science, Xeon, business.industry, General Engineering, [INFO.INFO-MM]Computer Science [cs]/Multimedia [cs.MM], 020207 software engineering, SHVC extension, Scalable Video Coding, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Scalability, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, [INFO.INFO-ES]Computer Science [cs]/Embedded Systems, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, business, Encoder, lcsh:TK1-9971, Decoding methods, Computer hardware
Abstract

Scalable high-efficiency video coding (SHVC) is the scalable extension of the high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. SHVC enables spatial, quality, bit-depth, color gamut, and codec scalability. The architecture of the SHVC encoder is based on multiple instances of the HEVC encoder where each instance encodes one video layer. This architecture offers several advantages of being modular and close to the native HEVC coding block scheme. However, the close-loop SHVC architecture requires the complete decoding of the reference lower layer frames to decode a higher quality layer, which considerably increases the complexity of both encoder and decoder processes. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end 4K real-time SHVC solution, including both software encoder and decoder, for video broadcast applications. The SHVC codec relies on low-level optimizations for specific Intel ×86 platform and parallel processing to speed up the encoding and decoding processes. The proposed encoder enables real-time processing of 4Kp30 video in 2× spatial scalabilities on the 4 × 10 cores Intel Xeon processor (E5-4627V3) running at 2.6 GHz. In addition, the SHVC decoder enables to decode, respectively, the lower quality layer in full HD (1920 × 1080p30) resolution, an advanced RISC machine (ARM) Neon mobile platform, and the enhancement layer in UHD (3840 × 2160p30), on a fitted laptop, with 4 cores Intel i7 processor running at 2.7 GHz. Finally, experimental results have shown that the proposed solution can reach a high rate-distortion performance close to the reference SHVC reference software model (SHM) with a speedup of 37 and 66 in intra and inter coding configurations.

Published
2019

11. Optimal Thrust Allocation Strategy of Electric Propulsion Ship Based on Improved Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II

Author

Xuyang Wang, Xiaobin Xu, Diju Gao, Tianzhen Wang, Yide Wang, Shanghai Maritime University, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hangzhou Dianzi University (HDU), 61304186, National Natural Science Foundation of China, U1709215, NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization and Informatization, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
General Computer Science, NSGA-II, Computer science, Electric propulsion, 020101 civil engineering, Thrust, 02 engineering and technology, thrust allocation, 0201 civil engineering, Control theory, Genetic algorithm, [INFO.INFO-SY]Computer Science [cs]/Systems and Control [cs.SY], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, General Engineering, Sorting, Motion control, Azimuth, Moment (mathematics), multi-azimuth thruster, Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, Differential evolution, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, lcsh:TK1-9971, optimization
Abstract

International audience; The azimuth thruster is widely used in electric propulsion ships due to its excellent performance. The thrust allocation (TA) method of multi-azimuth thruster is the key technology in ship motion control. The purpose of TA is to accurately distribute the thrust and angle of each thruster to provide the vessel the required force and moment. A TA strategy based on the improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (INSGA-II) is developed in this study. The algorithm introduces the differential mutation operator in the differential evolution (DE) to replace the polynomial variation in NSGA-II, which improves the local optimization ability of the algorithm. The effectiveness of the TA strategy based on INSGA-II algorithm is illustrated by simulations.

Published
2019

12. Compact Four-Element Phased Antenna Array for 5G Applications

Author

Muhammad Kamran Ishfaq, Yasir Saleem, Farhan Masud, Mohamed Himdi, Hassan Tariq Chattha, Bilal A. Khawaja, Tharek Abd Rahman, Government College University of Faisalabad (GCUF), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Islamic University of Madinah, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore (UET), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences [Lahore, Pakistan] (UVAS), 16/40, Deanship of Scientific Research, Islamic University of Madinah, Saudi Arabia, Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Beamforming, General Computer Science, Phased array, mutual coupling, Array element, PIFA, 01 natural sciences, beamforming, Antenna array, Optics, Planar, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Ground plane, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), General Engineering, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, phased array, Antennas, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, business, lcsh:TK1-9971, 5G
Abstract

This paper presents a four-element compact phased Planar Inverted-E Antenna (PIEA) array for 6 GHz beamforming applications. For compact phased arrays, the mutual coupling is a severe performance degrading factor. Therefore, three mutual coupling reduction techniques are employed, which include (i) PIEA as an array element which is a modified version of Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) by inserting another shorting plate, (ii) slots in the ground plane and (iii) two slits in each etched ground slot. With these techniques, the mutual coupling is reduced below -19 dB in the operational bandwidth from 5.7 to 6.4 GHz. The compact design with an inter-corner spacing of 0.013λo and an inter-element spacing of 0.3λo is achieved. The peak gain obtained by this compact phased array is 8.36 dBi. This array can scan up to a maximum scanning angle of ±70°. A good general agreement is found between the measured and simulated results.

Published
2019

13. An Efficient DOA Estimation Method for Co-Prime Linear Arrays

Author

Pascal Chargé, Yide Wang, Yuehua Ding, Xiao Yang, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), South China University of Technology [Guangzhou] (SCUT), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes (IETR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
General Computer Science, Coprime integers, Property (programming), Computer science, Reliability (computer networking), grating angles, General Engineering, DOA estimation, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, pair matching errors, Linear arrays, ambiguity, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, co-prime linear arrays, General Materials Science, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, lcsh:TK1-9971, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Algorithm
Abstract

International audience; Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation with a co-prime linear array, composed of two uniform linear arrays with inter-element spacing larger than half-wavelength of incoming signals, has been investigated a lot thanks to its high-resolution performance. For better computational efficiency, one class of methods treat the co-prime linear array as two sparse uniform linear subarrays. From each of them, high-precision but ambiguous DOA estimation is obtained, and the ambiguities are eliminated according to the co-prime property. However, the existing methods of this kind suffer from the insufficient reliability and high complexity. In this paper, the potential problems associated with the DOA estimation with two co-prime subarrays are discussed, and a reliable and efficient DOA estimation method is proposed. For each subarray, the true DOAs are treated as their equivalent angles and the pair matching of them is accomplished by exploring the cross-correlations between the equivalent signals associated with the equivalent angles. Compared with other existing methods, the proposed method is able to achieve a better estimation performance in all situations, in terms of accuracy and complexity.

Published
2019

14. Doppler Effect Reduction in an OFDM System Thanks to Massive MIMO

Author

Alexis Bazin, Bruno Jahan, Maryline Helard, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orange Labs [Cesson-Sévigné], Orange Labs, Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
General Computer Science, Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, Computer science, MIMO, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, Interference (wave propagation), Reduction (complexity), symbols.namesake, [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], 0203 mechanical engineering, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, massive MIMO, General Materials Science, Maximal-ratio combining, Computer Science::Information Theory, OFDM, General Engineering, 020302 automobile design & engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Doppler effect, Modulation, symbols, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, lcsh:TK1-9971, 5G, Communication channel
Abstract

International audience; Among many challenges, 5G should improve the quality of service for moving users. In such a mobility context, the Doppler effect creates interference which can severely damage the performance of the systems. The effect of very large number of uncorrelated receive antennas on the Doppler effect is studied in this paper with a simple maximum ratio combining receiver and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation. This paper relies on an analytical analysis of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and on a statistical analysis of the propagation channel. Therefore, the contribution of this paper is twofold. First, the asymptotic SIR is analytically expressed when the number of receive antennas tends toward infinity. Second, the decrease of the impact of the Doppler effect with the increase of the number of receive antennas is demonstrated, proving that a massive multiple-input multiple-output system with a low-complexity maximum ratio combining receiver can be used to improve the quality of service in mobility scenarios. Finally, the simulation results highlight the impact of such a massive multiple-input multiple-output system in practice.

Published
2018

15. A Heuristic Self-Adaptive Medium Access Control for Resource-Constrained WBAN Systems

Author

Olivier Sentieys, Olivier Berder, Daniel Menard, Elyes Ben Hamida, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Qatar Mobility Innovations Center, Algorithmes et architectures adaptatifs pour les systèmes sans-fils efficaces en énergie (GRANIT), ARCHITECTURE (IRISA-D3), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Energy Efficient Computing ArchItectures with Embedded Reconfigurable Resources (CAIRN), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-ARCHITECTURE (IRISA-D3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
Schedule, General Computer Science, Computer science, Heuristic (computer science), Real-time computing, 02 engineering and technology, Interval (mathematics), Topology, 01 natural sciences, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Adaptive system, Convergence (routing), Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Wireless, General Materials Science, Adaptive algorithm, Network packet, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, General Engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Energy consumption, 0104 chemical sciences, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, business, lcsh:TK1-9971, Wireless sensor network
Abstract

This paper presents a heuristic-based approach to self-adapt and reconfigures the wake-up schedule of the nodes in wireless body area networks (WBANs). A latency-energy-optimized traffic-aware dynamic medium access control protocol is presented. The protocol is based on an adaptive algorithm that allows the sensor nodes to adapt their wake-up and sleep patterns efficiently in static and dynamic traffic variations. The heuristic approach helps to characterize the algorithmic parameters with an objective to investigate the behavior of the convergence patterns of the WBAN nodes in a non-linear system. An open-loop form is developed by keeping the wake-up interval ( $I_{\textrm {wu}}$ ) fixed followed by the closed-loop adaptive system which updates $I_{\textrm {wu}}$ on every wake-up instant. An exhaustive search is conducted for different initial wake-up interval values which show that (on average) the algorithm parameters behave monotonically in open-loop systems, whereas a decaying function in the closed-loop form. Various performance metrics, such as energy consumption, packet delay, packet delivery ratio, and convergence speed (for reaching a steady state), are evaluated. It is observed that the convergence time varies from 8 to 72 s under fixed packet transmission rate, whereas the algorithm re-converges (within 8 s) whenever the transmission rate changes.

Published
2016

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