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Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), where arbitrary views are synthesized from a center image and depth image, has received much attention in the three-dimensional (3D) research field. With advances in depth-acquisition techniques and the proliferation of 3D glasses and 3D display devices, there is a growing demand for schemes to protect the copyrights of DIBR 3D images. Digital watermarking is a typical protection technology and designing a watermarking method for DIBR 3D images is a challenging task because the synchronization of watermarks can easily be broken in the process of generating synthetic images. To address this issue, we propose a non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT)-based blind watermarking for DIBR 3D images. To ensure the proposed method has properties of robustness against the DIBR process, we conduct an analysis of robustness for NSCT subbands against DIBR attacks. Based on the analysis results, we select subbands that are robust against DIBR attacks and embed watermark in the low coefficients of NSCT subbands using quantization-based embedding. While ensuring robustness, the proposed method also improves the imperceptibility of watermarks by adjusting their embedding strength according to computed perceptual masking values. Through experiments, we show that the proposed method is robust against both desynchronization attacks of the DIBR process and common attacks including signal processing operations and geometric distortions. The high imperceptibility of our method is also verified by several evaluation metrics in a subjective and objective manner.

Three-dimensional (3-D) printing has become a key technology, changing industry paradigms in many sectors, including automobiles, aerospace, medical applications, content production, and service areas. However, 3-D printing introduces many copyright infringement issues for digital 3-D objects because the object data can be directly printed and distributed both online and physically. New distribution scenarios not previously considered also pose new content security problems. This paper reviews intellectual property protection issues and solutions in the 3-D printing environment. We summarize various requirements not previously considered in the literature, defining infringement issues for new technology scenarios and requirements. We then analyze existing copyright security technology coverage according to those scenarios and various other aspects, and present the pros and cons of each technology and future research directions. The presented scenarios and reviews will provide significant benefits for the future development of reliable technologies that protect the 3-D printing intellectual property.