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The article discusses the development of a triple-lane radiant coil layout to be utilized in cracking furnaces in the petroleum industry. It examines cracking furnace operation and design, ethylene plants, coking and furnace run length, and the three different zones of cracking furnaces.

The article reports that Viva Energy's Geelong refinery reduces fluidized catalytic cracking units (FCCU) turnaround risk. It mentions information on computational model domain for the Geelong refinery's RCCU regenerator which contains components like cyclones, upper vessel, regenerator bed, and catalysts. It presents suggestions for minimizing turnaround risk like using right simulation tool, ensuring the stakeholders are part of process, and early planning.

The article examines outlet pigtail rupture and component weld joint cracking failures in bulk hydrogen production in a petroleum refinery. The high temperatures in bulk hydrogen production reportedly impose harsh demands on system components. Also discussed is the importance of design practice modifications to correlate service failures to inadequacies better.

The article focuses on the steam crackers in the petrochemical industry and its impact on the profitability of petrochemical manufacturers. It mentions that feedstock selection can be a very significant contributor to the financial success. It also discusses the shift to lighter feedstocks at steam crackers, which has resulted in decreased propylene production. The feedstock flexibility and its selection adopted by Europe is mentioned.

The article focuses on the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) technology to convert light cycle oil (LCO) into gasoline with a high research octane number (RON). According to the authors, the technology has been developed to meet the requirements for gasoline consumption and diesel quality. It also discusses the commercial applications of the FCC technology in both Modes 1 and 2.

The article offers information on need for a system of compressors powered by surface condensing steam turbines in the operation of a typical ethane cracker unit. It discusses a troubleshooting study in an ethane cracking unit to investigate an inter-after condensing unit and vacuum instability in the surface condenser. It also explores the role of steam ejectors and condensing units in vacuum system operation.

The article reports on the growth of petrochemicals industry worldwide as a result of increasing production of ethylene from hydrocarbons using naphtha as raw material. It mention use of ethane as its primary feedstock by the U.S. which can be produced from ethane, gasoil and naphtha. It also describes the technologies used for producing ethylene which includes steam cracking, disproportionation and dehydrogenation.

The article offers suggestions regarding design and troubleshoot the of the orifice chamber in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. It states that FCC units (FCCUs) are significant contributors to refinery margins, and mentions that advances in zeolite-based catalyst have significantly contributed to enhancing FCCU performance. It notes that OC contains perforated plates designed to progressively reduce the flue gas pressure while achieving stable pressure downstream.

The article focuses on prevention of hydrates during flexible fluid catalytic (FCC) gas processing in flexible fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCUs) of petrochemical industry. It mentions that the process secures the integration of refinery-petrochemical operations, and states that high-purity ethylene product is exported to one olefins conversion unit (OCU). It also mentions that deethanizer circuit are prone to hydrate formation in the units.

The article presents a case study of revamping residue fluidized catalytic cracking (RFCC) reactors and regenerators within refineries in a hydrocarbon processing plant in Ulsan, South Korea, that had been in operation for 19 years. It states that reactor heads and 20 cyclones in regenerator were replaced. It also discusses the challenges faced in the revamp process including replacement of reactor head, substitution of regenerator head and dissimilar welding quality.

The article focuses on managing complex changeover processes for integrated cracking furnace safety in hydrocarbon (HC) refining. Topics include cracking furnace operations such as the steam cracking of naphtha feedstock into olefins are stated to be an essential part of HC refining, and the valve interlocking of both steam supply lines into the process schedule stated to prevent use of the wrong steam source in different cracking furnace modes.

The article presents the results of the study on the effectiveness of the novel catalytic visbreaking mild thermal cracking process. It states that the stability of visbroken product with catalyst is higher without catalyst. It mentions the possibility of increasing conversion in visbreaking reactor with aqueous catalyst.

The article presents several case studies related to accidents and failures of stationary equipment in the residue fluidized catalytic cracking units (RFCCUs). Topics discussed include failure of a catalyst cooler tube and aeration pipe due to poor insertion of inner tube to outer tube and bad welding quality, leakage of a slide valve packing due to improper countermeasures when valve stem was stuck and Leakage of carbon monoxide boiler tube due to urea solution penetration into insulation.

The article discusses a study which aims to maintain or improve fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) margins by processing more vaccum residue (VR) in feed at Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd. (HPCL). The study concludes that hydrotreatment of vacuum gasoil (VGO) can enable the increased intake of low-sulfur VR (LSVR) in a resid FCCU feed blend with increased conversion and the vacuum residue percentage.

The article discusses residue processing in the petrochemical industry. It mentions that catalysts need to be made according to the requirements of the refineries. It is noted that fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) operators that manufactured more propylene wanted to use low-rare-earth and high-matrix catalysts to prevent a rise in hydrogen (H2) transfer reactions and saturating the olefin.

The article offers information on use of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology for reducing dry gas and coke. It mentions that FCC technology's principal is based on the formation and conversion of olefins in two different reaction zones. It states that in order to make full use of oil resources and to increase high-value added products, refiners have been seeking to increase liquid product yield while decreasing dry gas and coke yields in the FCC process.

The article discusses the generation of thermal nitrogen oxide (NOx) in steam cracking and steam methane reforming (SMR). Topics include the significance of thermal cracking of hydrocarbon as a key process in ethylene manufacturing, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and the degradation of catalyst for SCR.

The article presents a case study analyzing the potential causes of the coloration and the results of brick sample walls in cracking furnaces of petrochemical plants. It is noted that in the radiant chamber of one of the cracking furnaces, pink coloration of the insulating brick was noticed. It is mentioned that the presence of crystalline compounds in the pink deposits was revealed in XRD analysis.

The article focuses on the challenges in the operation of a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). It is noted that for estimating the theoretical rates of aeration gas to be added to a standpipe, correlations have been published. It is mentioned that insight into the perils associated with operating standpipes at lower flux rates is provided by including minimum fluidization velocity and bubble-rise velocity estimates in the aeration rate equation.

The article offers insights regarding technological innovations and trends for new catalytic technologies in the petroleum industry. John Murphy, president of The Catalyst Group Resources (TCGR), said that the U.S. is better positioned with the boon of shale oil and gas. Catalyst manufacturers and users are said to be influencing market pull by developing technology licensing to allow better control of catalyst revenues.

The article offers information on the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process which is used by complex petroleum refineries. The FCC unit (FCCU) can produce transportation fuels and high-value petrochemicals, however, keeping the catalyst circulating is one of the main challenges in the operation of an FCCU. FCC standpipe history and fundamental process equations are mentioned here in the article.

The article offers information on estimating petroleum product yields cost-effectively and improving refining operations. Topics discussed include fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, feed quality and feed classification. It also discusses paraffinic feeds, chemical composition of FCC feeds, and saturate content of feed.

The article offers information on use of carburization inspection robots for radiant tubes inside ethylene cracking furnaces. It mentions occurrence of carburization when carbon from hydrocarbon feedstock inside the radiant tube diffuses into the material matrix resulting in binding of carbon with chromium in the material matrix and forming primary and secondary carbides. It also mentions that the carbides decrease material ductility, toughness and strength.

The article discusses the use of enhanced fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts to improve tight oil refining. Topics addressed include the difficulty of maintaining the octane balance of gasoline blending, higher tight oil production rates in the U.S., and operating changes experienced by FCC units (FCCUs) at refineries that process tight oil. Also mentioned are the variability of crude characteristics, heat balance and octane problems, and tight oil's provision of economic feedstocks.

The article offers information on the concept of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process and FCC unit which aims to produce variety of valuable refined products including olefins and aromatics in addition to high-quality transportation fuel products. Topics include factors which needs to maximize the yield of various FCC products, top performance from a FCCU and feed injectors.

The article offers information on optimization of the fluidized-bed catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) process with multivariate statistical modeling. It is said that project design, support refinery planning, etc, were developed by applying typically rigorous non-linear reactor kinetic models. Multivariate statistical models based on operating data offers a suitable alternative to support process optimization.

The article offers an analysis of a representative Bakken shale oil and its fractions, compared to a typical Mid-Continent vacuum gasoil (VGO) in order to determine the implications of shale oil in refineries. It discusses how optimize operations and maximize fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) value. Shale oil is said to make up only a percentage of the total feedstock in a refinery.

The article offers information on how an advanced fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst recycling process technology increases FCC unit flexibility. It mentions that the concept of the advanced FCC catalyst recycling procedure technology is to recycle catalyst to the inlet of the riser from the FCC reactor stripper. It states that recycling of catalyst from modern FCC units' reactor stripper represents an additional activity component being provided to the riser.

The article discusses the role of rare earths (REs) in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) industry. It also discusses ways to analyze operations related to the FCC industry to determine when a drop in RE levels could be beneficial. It has been stated that refiners should explore options that balance lower RE levels with increasing activity to sustain conversion at a constant catalyst addition rate from a higher zeolite content.

The article presents information on differences between thermal cracking kinetics and residual hydrocracking. Kinetic studies showed that hydrocracking allows hydrogen to fill split chain that short circuits condensation or polymerization reactions. The article further offers several charts including one on feedback qualities and delayed coker and hydrocracker yields.

The article offers information on the causes of high catalyst losses from fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) and on how to solve the problems in catalyst losses. It discusses 20 questions on determining the causes of catalyst losses including the rate of catalyst loss, the rate of catalyst circulation, and the angularity of losses. It explores several strategies to solve losses which include plugging of secondary reactor cyclone dipleg, raising bed level, and increasing the level of pressure.

The article offers information on the heat-exchanger failure analysis in a naphtha cracking unit and measures to prevent such failures in future. It presents a schematic diagram to explain the failure description. It explains the failure mechanism analysis, internal deposit quantitative analysis and streams analysis.

The article focuses on sampling of heat transfer fluids to offset effects of carbon on efficiency of thermal plant. It mentions that thermal cracking and oxidation of HTF releases carbon as byproduct. It highlights sources of carbon formation including adherence of the carbon to the internal pipework, formation of carbon sludge, and reduction in the diameter of the pipework.

The article focuses on the changes in delayed coking process that affect the coker heater and heat transfer equipment. It states that the changes due to worldwide demand for liquid petroleum products cause great impact on the design and operation of delayed coking units in feedstock, and tries to crack heavy oils into more valuable light liquid products. Design considerations of a double-fired coked heater to amend fouling, deliver pressure requirement as well as efficiency are also discussed.

This article discusses desalter operation and maintenance to reduce crude treater unit overhead corrosion. According to the author, the principal cause of crude unit corrosion is hydrogen chloride vapor produced when crude oil is heated prior to distillation. Problems include insufficient size and instrumentation, waste streams disposal and the wrong desalter water.

This article discusses retrofitting a gasoil hydrotreater catalyst system to reduce sulfur content. The author presents a case history of a Gulf Coast catalyst replacement which resulted in a sulphiding procedure for the catalyst, moisture content control and continued manitenance of feedstream quality.

This article discusses the use of fluid catalytic cracking at refineries to produce diesel fuels. According to the authors, demand for diesel globally will increase at a faster rate than gasoline. When operating to maximize diesel yield the key is to maximize primary cracking of light cycle oil and to minimize secondary cracking. Catalysts should utilize a high mesopore surface area.

The article discusses innovative processing methods and catalyst systems for refining heavy crude oils. Topics discussed include hydrotreating heavy feedstocks for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units, such as with a dual-catalyst system made up of a high-activity nickel-molybdenum (NiMo) catalyst over a high-activity cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) catalyst.

The article discusses a method for fine-tuning the rates of catalyst addition in fluid catalytic crackers in order to optimize equilibrium catalyst activity. The use of equilibrium catalyst metal content as a monitoring parameter is discussed and an example is provided showing the calculations and variables used to determine the ideal catalyst addition rate.

The article focuses on the importance of having improved performance of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gas concentration unit (GCU) in increasing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) production and quality control. It states that the improved performance of FCC GCU offers various advantages like increased profitability when marketing LPG or gasoline. Accordingly, it is important that the unit has met the specific requirements and standards for operation.

The article discusses the use of micrographs to diagnose fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) operation. The authors explain that catalyst plays an important role in the FCC operation and affect product yields and quality. A description of FCC catalyst is given. The FCC catalyst micrograph observation and technology involve observing and analyzing catalyst micrographs.

The article discusses the new hydrocracking method for upgrading bitumen into low-sulfur diesel. Slurry-phase hydrocracking is used in brown coal hydrocracking technology. The technology is used for upgrading ultra-heavy oils. It process consists of a hydrocracking step, where the ultra-heavy oil is hydrocracked in a slurry-bed reactor with a dispersed limonite ore functioning as a catalyst. The reaction products then undergo an inline hydrotreating step and a solid-liquid separation step. The inline hydro treating is especially designed to economically use the temperature and pressure from the hydrocracking reactions.

The article presents guidelines for revamping vacuum towers. Some of the factors that govern vacuum tower revamps are the operating conditions, tower hydraulic capacity, vapor distribution, vacuum system, tower spacing and heat integration. Vacuum distillation is a key refining unit operation that is positioned downstream of atmospheric distillation towers. Most commercial vacuum distillation towers recover gas oils for downstream cracking units, while other distillation towers produce lubricants. The vacuum furnace and transfer line can be considered as a major part of the vacuum tower revamping.

Describes a technology that improves fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) performance and operational reliability. Key features of a riser separation system that can achieve high product containment for maximum yield selectivity; Ability of the technology to achieve yield selectivity improvement and high separation efficiency with a robust design exhibiting very low catalyst carryover to the fractionator during steady-state, startup and upset conditions.

Reports on developments in fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) additives and catalyst management. Catalytic solutions that can be applied to maximize propylene yield from the FCC unit; Growth of olefin demand; Effect of the base FCC catalyst.

Discusses the use of reverse jet scrubber technology for fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) off gases. Installation of the technology at the Navajo Refinery in Artesia, New Mexico in 2003; Application of reverse jet wet scrubbers in the cement, metallurgical, chemical and power industries, and have been used in refinery applications since 1990; Benefits of using the technology.

This article discusses the importance of technical upgradation in catalytic cracking operations. Refiners are seeking technological advances to minimize capital investment while still meeting new gasoline specifications. Catalyst is certainly a key factor in the FCC operation. Novel FCC catalysts and additives have been developed to process heavier feeds and to reduce olefins and sulfur content in FCC gasoline. These developments may enable refiners to avoid capital expenditure to meet the current gasoline specifications and reduce operating costs in some cases.

This article discusses the importance of upgrading fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) by hydrocarbon industries. Refiners constantly fine-tune existing units to improve operability and increase equipment availability; thus increasing profitability. Often, existing units are retrofitted and modernized several times during their service life. The Shell Pulau Bukom Refinery had retrofitted its existing FCC several times. However, due to changing fuel specifications, the refinery had to consider applying new technologies to remain competitive in the fuels market.

This article focuses on new technologies that reduce gas make while minimizing product losses from catalytic cracking operations. Optimizing a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit requires balancing many operating variables. Likewise, refiners must also operate within certain limits when it comes to process manipulation. These limits include feedstock quality, equipment capacity and system design. Over the past 20 years, FCC technology has significantly improved with regard to catalysts, equipment and process design.

Design changes are required in the compressor control and safeguarding philosophy. This article discusses the design changes and their implementation. Although during the project, the control and safeguarding systems of the ethylene and propylene refrigerant compressors were also revamped, this article focuses on the cracked gas compressor. The ethylene cracker compression section consists of a steam turbine-driven compressor accommodating four process stages. Controlling the compressor suction pressure is not the only variable that needs to be maintained for stable process conditions. By controlling the suction pressure at a constant value, the compressor inlet flow varies.