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Paleoecological studies are crucial for understanding ecosystem disturbance and resilience dynamics. However, nearly all the research related to the response of aquatic communities to disturbances has been developed at short-term ecological scales. In this study, we investigate the long-term response of chironomid insects of two lakes, to volcanic and other environmental disturbances that have taken place during the last 200 years. The studied lakes, Lake Verde and Lake Toncek, are located in the Nahuel Huapi National Park (northern Patagonia, Argentina), under contrasting environmental settings. Our results show that the main driver of faunal changes in both lakes is volcanism. Indeed, after the impact of the 1960 Puyehue/Calbuco volcanic events, the chironomid assemblage of Lake Verde recovered to initial conditions showing high resistance and a strong resilience to the impact. In this lake, the canopy, the presence of macrophytes, and the dynamic of the watershed are important determinants of resilience providing habitats for species colonization and/or by giving refugia to the community. Contrarily, chironomid assemblages from Lake Toncek did not recover to the original state after the impact of the ash. This lake is located above the tree line, and therefore it is highly probable that the lack of vegetation cover in the basin offered no protection for the aquatic environment, leaving the ecosystem highly exposed to the effect of the volcanic ashes. Subordinate to the effects of the volcanism, rising temperatures in the last 50 years and/or increasing human activities in the area, especially in L. Toncek, may also be responsible for the changes in chironomid assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Morenito located in the Argentinean Patagonia has been exposed to climatic, volcanic, and anthropogenic impacts for the last decades. In particular, the damming of the lake and the eruption of the Calbuco/Puyehue Volcanoes in AD 1960 played an important role in the lake's history. A 80-cm-long sediment core from Lake Morenito spanning more than 100 years was studied for chironomids, stable isotopes, and organic geochemistry to investigate how natural and anthropogenic stressors impacted the lake. Chironomid assemblages display large changes around AD 1950, with the appearance of the warm-adapted Chironomus and the replacement of Apsectrotanypus by Ablabesmyia, indicating a shift to warmer conditions. By that time and up to the present, an increasing trend of δ15N coupled with a decrease of δ13C points to shifts in the carbon and nitrogen cycles associated with human activities. It is evident that the onset of human activities during the 1950s following by the lake damming in AD 1960 had significant effects on the chironomid assemblages and the geochemical composition of sediments which is reflected in the progressive deterioration of the lake ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]