1. p19-INK4d inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth, induces differentiation and is hypermethylated and downregulated in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas
- Author
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Axel Benner, Volker Ehemann, Stefan M. Pfister, Daniel Dreidax, Sebastian Bender, Sven Lindner, Maral Saadati, Matthias Fischer, Johannes H. Schulte, Christina Schröder, Thomas Schwarzl, Steffen Bannert, Christopher C. Oakes, Frank Westermann, Kai-Oliver Henrich, and David J. Duffy
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ,Adolescent ,Nervous System Neoplasms ,Medizin ,Tretinoin ,Biology ,Decitabine ,N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,Neuroblastoma ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Genetics ,medicine ,Humans ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19 ,Child ,neoplasms ,Molecular Biology ,Genetics (clinical) ,Neoplasm Staging ,Neurons ,Oncogene Proteins ,Regulation of gene expression ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Nuclear Proteins ,Cell Differentiation ,General Medicine ,DNA Methylation ,Cell cycle ,medicine.disease ,Survival Analysis ,Demethylating agent ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,chemistry ,Child, Preschool ,embryonic structures ,DNA methylation ,Azacitidine ,Cancer research ,Female ,Signal transduction ,CDK inhibitor ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Uncontrolled cell cycle entry, resulting from deregulated CDK-RB1-E2F pathway activity, is a crucial determinant of neuroblastoma cell malignancy. Here we identify neuroblastoma-suppressive functions of the p19-INK4d CDK inhibitor and uncover mechanisms of its repression in high-risk neuroblastomas. Reduced p19-INK4d expression was associated with poor event-free and overall survival and neuroblastoma risk factors including amplified MYCN in a set of 478 primary neuroblastomas. High MYCN expression repressed p19-INK4d mRNA and protein levels in different neuroblastoma cell models with conditional MYCN expression. MassARRAY and 450K methylation analyses of 105 primary neuroblastomas uncovered a differentially methylated region within p19-INK4d. Hypermethylation of this region was associated with reduced p19-INK4d expression. In accordance, p19-INK4d expression was activated upon treatment with the demethylating agent, 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine, in neuroblastoma cell lines. Ectopic p19-INK4d expression decreased viability, clonogenicity and the capacity for anchorage-independent growth of neuroblastoma cells, and shifted the cell cycle towards the G1/0 phase. p19-INK4d also induced neurite-like processes and markers of neuronal differentiation. Moreover, neuroblastoma cell differentiation, induced by all-trans retinoic acid or NGF-NTRK1-signaling, activated p19-INK4d expression. Our findings pinpoint p19-INK4d as a neuroblastoma suppressor and provide evidence for MYCN-mediated repression and for epigenetic silencing of p19-INK4d by DNA hypermethylation in high-risk neuroblastomas.
- Published
- 2014
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