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Background and objective: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive complication that is common in adults and defined by heartburn and regurgitation. Due to the increasing frequency and problems of the disease, epidemiological features of GERD have been considered in recent years. Therefore, we examined the factors related to GERD in different body mass index (BMI) categories. Materials and methods: We did a cross-sectional analysis of the primary information from a populationbased cohort study of 10520 people in Guilan Province, Iran. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, smoking history, and alcohol consumption were collected using a self-administered questionnaire; also, anthropometric and clinical information were surveyed. Data analyzed with SPSS version 21.0. Results and conclusion: A total of 10520 participants were aged 35 to 70 years and included 5633 (53.55%) females and 4887 (46.45%) males. The frequency of GERD was 13.2% in the present study and was more prevalent in people with high BMI levels. According to analysis, GERD was significantly associated with female gender and low physical activity. Alcohol and smoke use was inversely associated with GERD. This large population-based study indicated risk factors in people with high BMI increased occurrence of GERD that altering these variables may reduce or prevent GERD indications must be elucidated in controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: The development of health indexes in recent years drag more attention to everyday life style and the impacts of socioeconomic status (SES) on individual's health state. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the socioeconomic status (SES) among the PERSIAN Guilan cohort population by considering the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in these participants. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted based on the PERSIAN cohort study from October 2014 to January 2017 on 10520 individuals. Data including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), educational level, habitat, and SES of patients were collected from all individuals and analyzed using SPSS.16 with a significant level <0.05. Results and conclusion: The results illustrated that out of 10520 participants, 1385 patients had GERD that its distribution was 34.9%, 33.6%, and 31.6% in low, moderate, and high levels of SES, respectively. Due to results, age, gender, educational status, and habitat significantly associated with GERD according to three levels of SES (P<0.05). GERD was more frequent in patients with low, moderate, and high levels of SES, respectively. Age, gender, educational status, and habitat, represented a significant association with different levels of SES among patients with GERD (P<0.05). This large population-based study indicated the increased risk of GERD in the low SES group compare to middle and high-SES groups, which highlighted the role of SES in the health status of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infection and has become a global concern. This disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but other types of Mycobacterium can also cause the disease. Tuberculosis usually affects the respiratory system, but other organs, called extrapulmonary tuberculosis, can be involved. Lymph node tuberculosis is one of the manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, especially in regions where tuberculosis is endemic. The involvement of salivary glands with tuberculosis is an uncommon condition. Here we present three cases (two adults and one child) with tuberculosis salivary gland lymphadenitis. Subjects and methods: Three cases were studied in the current work. The first case was 27-year-old woman without any underlying diseases, was referred to our local hospital due to painful swelling of the submandibular region. The second case was 44-year-old woman without any underlying diseases, was referred to our hospital because of painful swelling in her left parotid gland region. The third case was 7-year-old boy without any underlying diseases, complaining of fever and painful swelling of the right submandibular gland. Results and conclusion: In all the cases, tuberculosis diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy. Although, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was easier in the child due to symptoms like night sweating and fever and positive purified protein derivative test, in adults, there were no abnormalities in the initial laboratory tests, and purified protein derivative tests were negative, which made the diagnosis of tuberculosis more complicated. Although, salivary gland involvement with tuberculosis is not common, it should be considered a differential diagnosis in patients with swelling of salivary glands. In addition, the diagnosis confirmation should be based on biopsy, and normal laboratory tests and negative purified protein derivative tests should not confuse us. An early diagnosis is essential, and early initiation of an anti-tuberculosis regimen can prevent the following complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]