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In order to study the impact of the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode on future power generation and the environment in China, a Verhulst gray model was established to predict the development of the power generation industry from 2021 to 2060 under the non-"carbon peak and neutrality" mode. In addition, based on the "China 2030 Energy and Power Development Planning Research and 2060 Outlook Report," the development of the power generation industry from 2021 to 2060 under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode was obtained, and the development scenarios of the future power generation industry in China under two models were compared and studied. The emission factors and emission reduction factors of CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , PM, PM 10 , and PM 2.5 were constructed through the conservation of elements and the generating performance standard, and then four environmental benefits A 1 - A 4 were defined. The results showed that the installed capacity of thermal power will reach the carbon peak in 2026 under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode. To achieve the carbon neutralization, the installed capacity of thermal power will be reduced by an average of 28 million kilowatts per year after 2026, and the installed capacity of renewable energy generated is required to increase by 154 million kilowatts per year after 2020. Compared with that in the non-"carbon peak and neutrality" mode, the installed capacity of thermal power generation will be greatly reduced, and the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation will be greatly increased under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode, resulting in huge A 1 and A 2 environmental benefits. In the next four decades, the cumulative emission reductions in CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , PM, PM 10 , and PM 2.5 thermal power generation A 1 are predicted to be 6.64×10 10 tons, 1.54×10 7 tons, 1.55×10 7 tons, 3.18×10 6 tons, 1.71×10 6 tons, and 2.23×10 5 tons, respectively. The cumulative emission reductions of renewable energy power generation A 2 will be 5.77×10 10 tons, 1.64×10 7 tons, 1.42×10 7 tons, 2.86×10 6 tons, 1.54×10 6 tons, and 2×10 5 t tons, respectively. Under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode, compared with those from coal-fired power generation, the environmental benefits A 3 and A 4 produced by the relative cleanliness of renewable energy and nuclear power indicated that the cumulative emission reductions ( A 3 + A 4 ) in clean energy power generation of CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , PM, PM 10 , and PM 2.5 in the next four decades will be 3.014×10 11 tons, 7.292×10 7 tons, 7.119×10 7 tons, 1.454×10 7 tons, 7.827×10 6 tons, and 1.018×10 6 tons, respectively.

In recent years, fine particulate matter(PM 2.5 ) and ozone(O 3 ) have become the main air pollutants in cities in China. Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are one of the important precursors of PM 2.5 , O 3 , and secondary organic aerosols. The establishment of VOCs emission inventory is therefore of great significance for controlling the amount of PM 2.5 and O 3 . To date, the coefficient method has been used, which has error transmission of activity level, parameter and model, leading to the uncertainty of emission inventory. Multivariate uncertainty quantitative analysis of VOCs emission inventory provides an accurate alternative which has not been reported in China. The bottom-up method is adopted to collect the activity level of each enterprise. The variables of pollution control measures are obtained from surveys conducted with enterprises. The VOCs emission inventory of Qingdao from industrial source is established using an optimized coefficient method. The uncertainty of the VOCs inventory on the impact of univariate and multivariate variables is simulated by combining the Monte Carlo method(MC) with Latin hypercube sampling method(LHS). The results show that the total VOCs emissions were 44700 tons from industrial sources in 2019(unoptimized coefficient method:31100 tons).The rubber and plastic industries, metal products, and oil/coal/other fuel processing contributed more VOCs, which accounted for 40.26% of the total emissions. The uncertainty of multivariate simulation is higher than that of single variable. The uncertainty from process(-9.72%-230.51%) and solvent using source(-14.14%-122.77%) is significantly higher than uncertainty from combustion source(-15.62%-36.41%). The main sectors affecting the uncertainty of the VOCs inventory include:the chemical, papermaking, and textile industries(emission factors); metal, automobile manufacturing, and chemical industries(removal rate, facility operating rate); industries of petroleum processing and ferrous metal smelting(too few samples). VOCs emissions are mainly distributed in the east of the West Coast New district, north of Dazhu Mountain, south of Jimo district, north of Chengyang district, northeast of Jiaozhou district, built-up area of Pingdu district, and southeast of Laixi district.

Identifying the quantitative source and hazardous areas of heavy metals in soils plays a pivotal role in soil pollution research, and can provide a basis for regional soil risk monitoring and environmental management. For this purpose, a total of 175 samples were collected in topsoils from Linzi, a typical petrochemical industrial city in Shandong Province. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and factor analysis with non-negative constraints (FA-NNC) receptor models were applied to analyze the sources of the heavy metals. Based on the multivariate statistical simulation methods of min/max autocorrelation factors (MAF) and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), the distribution of heavy metal and potential pollution areas were determined. As, Co, Cr, and Mn were mainly affected by natural sources, their concentrations were dominated by the parent materials, and the high-value areas were distributed in the south of the study area. Hg was the most serious pollution element among the 10 heavy metals analyzed in Linzi and originated from atmosphere deposition from industrial emissions and coal combustion, and the highest values were distributed in the northeast of the study area. Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were dominated by natural sources and human activities. The hot-spot areas were mainly concentrated in the middle of the study area. The potentially contaminated areas of Cd and Hg were 580.80 km 2 and 666.60 km 2 , about 85.04% and 97.59% of the total area, and should require more attention. The potential pollution area of most elements was small and scattered across the study area, accounting for less than 1%.

Surface soils were collected from five types of land use in the northern plain of Longkou City and the contents of five heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As) were determined. Based on results from preliminary studies on heavy metal pollution of soil, the potential ecological risks caused by heavy metals in the soil and risks to human health were evaluated using the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment model after adjusting the evaluation threshold and the health assessment model after modifying parameters. The results show that the contents of five heavy metals in the study area exceed the background value, the potential ecological risk of Cd is high and complex, in irrigated land, orchard land, and bare land it is mostly the second-class risk, and urban industrial land and mining land are dominated by severe risk. The element As is equivalent to the first two levels of each land class; the minor risk areas of the other three types of heavy metals are larger than 70%. The comprehensive ecological risk of the five elements is higher than the three-level risk in the field, except for the bare ground. The area of four-level risk of urban industrial land and mining land is relatively large. The five types of soil heavy metals in this area present noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health. The element Pb and heavy metal As, both entering the body by oral intake, pose a noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk to adults and children, respectively.

This paper presents the raw material composition and VOC treatment status of the packaging and printing industry in Zhejiang Province based on the survey data obtained in 2015 of 254 packaging and printing enterprises. To analyze the emission characteristics and calculate the emission coefficients of the packaging and printing industry, 100 typical enterprises were further screened according to different printing processes. The results showed that about two-thirds of packaging and printing enterprises failed to effectively dispose of VOCs; meanwhile, solvent-based materials were still commonly used in the packaging and printing industry. The main emission pollution factors of VOCs in the packaging and printing industry were ethyl acetate, isopropanol, ethanol, propyl acetate, and n -butyl acetate. The VOC emission coefficient of the packaging and printing industry in Zhejiang Province was 0.485 kg·kg -1 , of which the gravure printing was the primary source with VOCs emission coefficient of 0.634 kg·kg -1 . Compared with the material balance method, the error value from the emission coefficient method was less than 15%.

A total of 239 samples of surface soils were collected along the Xiangshui to Rudong coast, in Jiangsu Province, and analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A multivariate analysis was applied to identify the sources of heavy metals, and ordinary kriging was used to map the spatial distributions of the heavy metal concentration. The mean contents of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in the surface soils of the Jiangsu Coastal Zone were higher than the background values of the Jiangsu Coastal Plain, which indicated that there were obvious accumulations of these heavy metals in surface soils; while the mean contents of Cr and Ni were lower than the background values. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in soils that originated from marine deposition were significantly lower than those from alluvium and lagoon facies deposition, including the Yangtze River Delta deposition. Urban areas exhibited higher Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn contents than other land covers. Cr and Ni were controlled by the parent material and seemed to originate from a natural source. Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were associated with the combination of parent material and anthropogenic inputs. Hg was dominated by atmospheric deposition related to various human activities. The high values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were distributed in the northern, western, and southern parts of the study area, and Hg exhibited high values around the urban areas in the western and southern parts.

A total of 234 surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected at the nodes of a 2×2 km grid from Gaoqing County (a typical area surrounding the Lower Yellow River) and analyzed for eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). This study investigated the source of the heavy metals in this area based on a correlation analysis, PCA, and ANOVA using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the spatial variation and distribution characteristics of the heavy metals were determined by geostatistics based on GIS. The results provided the following conclusions. ① The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn exceeded the background values (BV) of the Lower Yellow River, especially for As, Cu, and Hg (1.23, 1.20 and 1.29 times the BV, respectively), indicating that there was enrichment of the heavy metals in soils at different degrees. ② The results from the multivariate analysis suggested that all eight heavy metals could be classified by two principal components (PCs). The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were dominated by human activities and the parent soil material (PC1). However, Hg originated mainly from textile printing, petrochemical engineering, and plastic processing (PC2). ③ The differences in heavy metal contents between different land use types and parent soil materials were obvious. The eight elements were highest in land related to urban construction. In addition to Hg, the remaining seven heavy metals were highest in soils in the lacustrine deposit. ④ The spatial distributions of the heavy metals in the soil were different. The high value areas of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were mainly concentrated in the central urban and southeastern areas, while the high value areas for Hg were concentrated in the southwestern and northeastern areas. This showed that industrial emissions and agricultural production activities caused the degree of heavy metal pollution in the soils while traffic emissions aggravated the levels.

Farmland soils in sewage irrigation area at Longkou City were collected, soil pH together with the heavy metal content were tested. Taking 70 soil points as the study object, this paper investigated the source of heavy metals in this area based on the correlation analysis and PCA of multivariate statistical analysis theory. We studied the spatial variation and distribution characteristics about heavy metals using both the theory of geostatistics and GIS spatial interpolation method. At last, the heavy metal pollution was evaluated in the way of Nemerow Index and improved fuzzy evaluation method. It turned out that, 9 kinds of heavy metal elements in the soil of research area had a certain degree of enrichment, among them the average of Cd was 3.06 times as high as the background value, and its enrichment was most severe. The result of Nemerow Index showed that, the values of comprehensive pollution index of Cu, Cd and Pb respectively were 7.06, 6.10 and 5.54, and they all belonged to high levels of pollution. According to the results of correlation analysis and principal component analysis, Cu, Zn together with Pb, Cd were mainly affected by human factors, sewage irrigation was their common pollution factor, the pollution sources for the first two heavy metals included excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production and the accumulation of long time, whereas pollution from northern coal mining and coal gangue piled up as well as plating, machinery manufacturing and other industrial pollution were the pollution sources of the latter two elements. Other elements (Co, Cr, Mn, Ni and As) were mainly influenced by natural factors such as parent material. Comprehensive evaluation results showed that, among the 70 points, 13 points had moderate pollution,23 points belonged to light pollution, 28 points were at alert level, 6 points were in the safe range. From the perspective of spatial distribution,high value areas of heavy metal contents were mainly concentrated in towns of Zhuyouguan and Xufu. This showed that, sewage irrigation caused a certain degree of heavy metal pollution to local soil.

In order to reveal the influence of anthropogenic factors on soil environment quality, a total of seventy-seven samples in topsoils were collected from Jiaojia gold mining area in Shandong province and were determined for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr contents. Spatial structure, spatial distributions of concentrations and risk probability of heavy metals were analyzed using spatial statistic analysis. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr were 19.41 mg·kg -1 , 27.32 mg·kg -1 , 49.81 mg·kg -1 and 39.27 mg·kg -1 , respectively. Pb, Zn and Cr were distributed normally and Cu was distributed normally after logarithm transformation. Semivariance analysis demostrated that Pb could be fitted to exponential model, and Cu, Zn and Cr were fit for spherical model. Nugget coefficents of Cu and Pb were between 0.25 and 0.75, which illustrated middle spatial autocorrelation; Zn and Cr showed the structural variation with nugget values below 0.25. Cu and Pb in the topsoils were distributed dispersedly due to effects of some human factors, whereas contents of Zn and Cr indicated relatively regular distributions and were mainly affected by natural factors. Spatial distributions of the 4 heavy metals were approximately consisitent and the high value areas appeared in the gold mines band. The result of hot spot analysis and indicator kriging interpolation revealed that the relatively high risk areas were located in Jincheng town, the boundary zone of Xinzhuang town and Canzhuang town, while the safe zone was situated in south part of the study area. Pb had higher probability exceeding the threshold and the middle or high environmental risk areas of Pb were distributed widely, which should be paid more attentions.

Sludge dewatering is one of the keys for sludge disposal and treatment of municipal wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the sludge dewaterability, flocculant consumption and costs of sludge dewatering for different wastewater treatment processes including A2/O and A2/O-MBR processes were analyzed, as well as the factors of sludge dewatering were analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA) method, based on the data of one municipal wastewater treatment plant of Beijing in 2013. Results showed that both sludge dewaterability and flocculant consumption presented the seasonal variation, which means sludge dewatering was harder and coupled with higher flocculant consumption in the winter. Although the lower moisture content of dewatered sludge was obtained in the A2/O-MBR process (81.92% ± 1.64% ) compared with that in the A2/O process (82.56% ± 1.35%), the consumptions of flocculant [ (8.70 ± 7.25) kg x t(-1) DS] and electric energy (331.82 kW x h x t(-1) DS) in the A2/O-MBR process were higher than those in the A2/O process [(7.42 ± 2.96) kg x t(-1) DS, 121.57 kW x h x t(-1) DS for flocculant consumption and electric energy respectively], resulting in higher operation costs (RMB 204.76 yuan x t(-1) DS of flocculant consumption and RMB 231.61 yuan x t(-1) DS of energy consumption for the A2/O-MBR, RMB 175.00 yuan x t(-1) DS of flocculant consumption and RMB 84.86 yuan x t(-1) DS of energy consumption for the A2/O, respectively). Results of RDA showed that the seasonal variation of sludge dewaterability mainly depended on the content of organic matter in sludge which was related to the seasonal factors such as temperature, and was also impacted by the operating parameters such as SRT in wastewater treatment.

Energy consumption is the main performance indicator of reclaimed water plant (RWP) operation. Methods of specific energy consumption analysis, unit energy consumption analysis and redundancy analysis were applied to investigate the composition and spatio-temporal distribution of energy consumption in Qinghe RWP with inverted A2/O, A2/O and A2/O-MBR processes. And the A2/ O-MBR process was mainly analyzed to identify the main nodes and causes for high energy consumption, approaches for energy saving were explored, and the energy consumption before and after upgrading for energy saving was compared. The results showed that aeration was the key factor affecting energy consumption in both conventional and A2/O-MBR processes, accounting for 42.97% and 50.65% of total energy consumption, respectively. A pulsating aeration allowed an increasing membrane flux and remarkably reduced the energy consumption of the A2/O-MBR process while still meeting the effluent standard, e.g., the membrane flux was increased by 20%, and the energy consumptions per kiloton wastewater and kilogram COD(removed) were decreased by 42.39% to 0.53 kW-h-kg-3 and by 54.74% to 1.29 kW x h x kg(-1), respectively. The decrease of backflow ratio in the A2/O-MBR process within a certain range would not deteriorate the effluent quality due to its insignificant correlation with the effluent quality, and therefore may be considered as one of the ways for further energy saving.

A total of 106 samples were collected from surface soils in Gangcheng District, Laiwu city (a Typical industry-based city of Shandong Province, Eastern China), and the contents of 9 heavy metals including As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined. Multivariate analysis and geostatistics were,applied to examine the sources and spatial distributions of heavy metals in soils; and the assessment on ecological risk of heavy metals was carried out using Hakanson's method. The average concentrations of 9 heavy metals were higher than the background values of Shandong Province; in particular, the mean contents of Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn were 2.42, 4.69, 1.74 and 1.54 times of their respective background values, which indicated there were obvious accumulations of these heavy metals in surface soils. The results from multivariate analysis suggested that all the 9 heavy metals could be classified as 3 Principal Components (PCs). Cd, Pb and Zn, having high loads in PC1, were dominated by industrial, agricultural and traffic sources. PC2 including Co, Cr and Ni came from natural sources, and were controlled by parent materials. As and Hg with high loads in PC3, were originated from coal combustion and smelting. Cu had some loads on different PCs, and was affected by both natural and human sources. Assessment on ecological risk indicated that the study area suffered from a critical level between high and moderate risks. Hg was at the high ecological risk level, and Cd was at the moderate ecological risk level, while other metals had low ecological risk level.

The affecting factors and controlling methods of how realizing and maintaining half-nitrosofication of dewatering liquid of digested sludge were investigated in an A/O process. The experimental results showed that the nitritation was obtained in 29 d under bulk liquid temperature of 9-20 degrees C, average DO of 5.4 mg/L, SRT of about 30 d and influent ammonia loading rate of 0.64 kg/(m3 x d). The nitritation with 70% nitrite accumulation efficiency was maintained during 65 d when average FA concentration in A/O reactor was more than 4 mg/L. Furthermore, the half-nitrosofication with effluent ammonia and nitrite ratio of 1:1.32 was obtained. When the ammonia loading rate reduced to 0.19 kg/(m3 x d) (FA < 1 mg/L), the nitritation disappeared, and the high FA as a main factor of maintaining half-nitrosofication was proved again with FISH under the condition of different FA. TN removal concentration was about 91 mg/L under influent COD of 282 mg/L and raw C/N ratio of 0.85 in the A/O system, which due to nitritation saving much carbon sources. The study showed that the half-nitrosofication of the dewatering liquid was obtained and stably maintained when FA was more than 4 mg/L in the A/O reactor by dynamic controlling influent ammonia loading rate and pH value in the system under middle or low temperature, high DO, long SRT.

Surfactant is a ubiquitous substance in aquatic environment owing to its popular usage. Because of the characteristics of enwrapping insoluble substances and forming colloids, it becomes the carrier of insoluble environmental hazardous substances to water body. To control its behaviors in disposal processes, the coagulation characteristics of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) micellar solution with different dosage of Al salt were investigated. Based on several phenomena observed in samples with different pH, combined with the change of Zeta potential and surface tension measurements, the possible mechanism in each case was investigated. With the experimental evidences, the preferable stoichiometric proportion of Al and SDBS was discussed. Results show that, (1) The preferable molar ratio of Al to SDBS is about 1:3 in samples around pH 4, and about 1:7 in those of pH within 5-9. (2) Under the weak-acidic pH condition about 5-6, the equilibrium zeta potential is near zero and the peak value of surface tension is high. (3) When the molar ratio of Al to SDBS is raised to around 3, the coagulation reduce gradually. It can be thought that the stoichiometric relationship maybe exist between surfactant and coagulant to obtain the rational effect.

The biodegradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) was studied under three different reductive conditions (methanogenesis, denitrification, and desulfuration conditions). Effects of organic matter and temperature on the biodegradation of NPEOs were also studied. The results showed that NP9EO could be rapidly biodegraded under three different reductive conditions. Gulcose and sodium acetate could inhibit NP9EO biodegradation while yeast extract could enhance the biodegradation. Temperature coefficients (u), which was relative with rate coefficient (k), under methanogenesis, denitrification, and desulfuration conditions were 19.93 kJ/mol, 23.13 kJ/mol, 27.00 kJ/mol respectively, when temperature ranged from 15 degrees C to 35 degrees C. The result suggested that the biodegradation rate constant of NP9EO under desulfuration condition was more sensitive to temperature than those of denitrification and methanogenesis treatments. These results could provide useful information on bioremendation of NPEOs contaminants.

Biodegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) by Bacillus sp. LY with heterotrophic nitrogen removal ability was investigated. The study showed that Bacillus sp. LY could biodegrade NPEOs largely combined with heterotrophic nitrogen removal. After 14 d, removal efficiency of NPEOs was 95.6% and removal rates of TN was 43.9%. Biodegradation of NPEOs by the strain Bacillus sp. LY conformed to the first-order kinetic model, with biodegradation rate constant 0.224 d(-1). NPEOs were biodegraded through a nonoxidative pathway with sequential removal of ethoxyl units. Moreover,no more harmful nonylphenoxyacetic acids were formed by this pathway. NPEOs could be degraded by Bacillus sp. LY in the presence of different nitrogen contaminants NH4 Cl, NaNO3 and NaNO2. The removal efficiency of NPEOs was highest in the presence of ammonium. Results may make contribution to the efficient removal of compound contamination of NPEOs and nitrogen contaminants.

Bacillus sp. LY, with heterotrophic nitrogen removal ability, can biodegrade many kinds of toxic organic pollutants. The study illuminates that Bacillus sp. LY has potential advantages on the biodegradation of toxic organic pollutants combined with heterotrophic nitrogen removal. When using typical toxic organic pollutants, such as phenol, catechol, environment estrogen NP and its precursor NPEOs, as the sole carbon source respectively, removal efficiencies of the four pollutants were 87%, 77%, 96%, 80%, and first-order biodegradation rate constants were 0.191, 0.112, 0.435, 0.147 d(-1) respectively. When using NP and NPEOs as the sole carbon source respectively, Bacillus sp. LY could remove total nitrogen to some extent, manifesting the strain's capacity of heterotrophic nitrogen removal. All these results may make contribution to the establishment of new technique of biodenitrification efficiently and removal of toxic organic pollutants simultaneously.

Swimming bed combined with aerobic granular sludge as a novel technology for wastewater treatment was developed, which was on the basis of the biofilm process and activated sludge process, and results demonstrated notable performance of high-efficiency treatment capability and sludge reduction. Even when hydraulic retention time (HRT) was only at 3.2 h with average COD volumetric loading of 2.03 kg/(m3 x d) and NH4(+)-N of 0.52 kg/(m3 X d), 90.9% of average COD removal rate and 98.3% of NH4(+)-N removal rate were achieved. Aerobic granular sludge appeared with spherical or rod shape after 16 days operation. Mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations in the reactor reached 5,640 mg/L at the highest during operation period, and the average ratio of mixed liquor volatile suspended solid (MLVSS) to MLSS reached 0.87. Furthermore, microscopic observation of biofilm and aerobic granules revealed much presence of protozoa and metazoa on the biofilm and suspended sludge, and this long food chain can contribute to the sludge reduction. Only 0. 175 5 of sludge yields (MLSS/ CODremoved) was obtained in the experiment, which was only about 50% of the conventional aerobic processes.

Three kinds of coal differed from fineness were burned in a laboratory-scale drop tube furnace for combustion test, and an 8-stage Andersen particle impactor was employed for sampling the primary particulate matter (PM), in order to study coal fineness effect on primary PM features during pulverized coal combustion. It has been shown that the finer the coal was, the finer the PM produced. PM, emission amount augmented with coal fineness decreased, and the amount of PM10 increased from 13 mg/g to 21 mg/g respectively generated by coarse coal and fine coal. The amount of PM2.5 increased from 2 mg/g to 8 mg/g at the same condition. Constituents and content in bulk ash varied little after three different fineness coal combustion, while the appearance of grading PM differed visibly. The value of R(EE) increased while the coal fineness deceased. The volatility of trace elements which were investigated was Pb > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni in turn. The concentration of poisonous trace elements was higher which generated from fine coal combustion. The volatilization capacity was influenced little by coal fineness, but the volatilization extent was influenced differently by coal fineness. Fine coal combustion affects worse environment than coarse coal does.

Bacillus sp. LY has the ability of nitrogen removal. Under the NH4(+) -N load of 40, 80 and 120 mg/L, after 120 hours culture, the NH4(-) -N removal rate finally was 100%, 85.7%, 73.7%, and the removal rate of TN finally was 76.6%, 53.4%, 64.8%. As the concentration of ammonium improved, the rate of nitrification and the nitrogen removal would decrease under the same concentration of Bacillus sp. LY at the beginning. The concentration of organic material played an important role in the nitrogen removal by Bacillus sp. LY. The low concentration of organic material inhibited the ability of nitrogen removal, and the middle concentration of organic material enhanced its ability of nitrogen removal and reached the optimum nitrogen removal condition, but the high concentration of organic material did not enhance its ability of nitrogen removal again. Organic nitrogen could be transformed to ammonium by Bacillus sp. LY, which was then transformed to N2 through two possible pathways. One pathway was a nitrification process followed by a denitrification process. The other pathway was that ammonium was first oxidized to hydroxylamine, then dehydrogenized to N2 O and finally transformed to N2. All these results may contribute to the establishment of new biology process to remove nitrogen with high efficiency.