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U ovom istraživanju su se pokušali utvrditi učinci treninga unutar bazičnih perioda u plivanju u trajanju od 12 tjedana na brzinu, brzinsku izdržljivost i izdržljivost tijekom tri uzastopne godine kod plivača kronološke dobi 12-13-14 godina. Za procjenu brzine koristio se test 25 metara kraul sa startom iz vode, za procjenu brzinske izdržljivosti se koristio test 6X50 metara kraul sa startom svakih 60 sekundi iz vode dok se za procjenu izdržljivosti koristio test 1500 metara kraul. Analizom efekata (T-test) za svaku pojedinu godinu utvrđeno je da primijenjeni program u sve tri godine ima statistički značaj pozitivan učinak na sve tri prematane sposobnosti što je u suprotnosti s nekim dosadašnjim saznanjima. Analizirajući napredovanje u rezultatima testova tijekom godine u inicijalnom testiranu (ANOVA) utvrđeno je da su ostvarene statistički značajne razlike u svim testovima svake naredne godine. Međutim, pozitivni učinci treninga na brzinsku izdržljivost i izdržljivost, iako statistički značajni, smanjuju svoje pozitivne skokove dok se povećanje brzine plivanja u testu 25 metara povećava svake naredne godine tijekom promatranog razdoblja., In this study, we tried to determine the training effects of 12 week basic swimming periods on speed, speed- endurance and endurance during the three consecutive years in swimmers of chronological age 12-13-14 years. For the speed assessment, a test of 25 meters freestyle was used performing the start from the water. For the speedendurance assessment, a test of 6X50 meters freestyle was used with the start every 60 seconds from the water, while the test of the 1500 meters freestyle was used for the assessment of endurance. The T-test for each particular year has determined that the applied training program in all three years has a statistically significant effect on all three motor abilities that is contrary to some previous knowledge. Analyzing the progress of the results over the year in the initial tested (ANOVA) it was found that statistically significant differences were achieved in all tests each following year. However, the positive effects of high endurance and stamina, although statistically significant, reduce their positive gain while increasing the swim speed in the 25-meter freestyle test is larger each subsequent year over the observed period.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike u nekim antropometrijskim karakteristikama i motoričkim sposobnostima kod dječaka starosti 14-15 godina tijekom razdoblja od 6 mjeseci. Podaci dobiveni ovim istraživanjem dati će odgovor da li je promatrana kronološka dob adekvatna za intenziviranje treninga u vodi i na suhom. U tu svrhu izmjereno je 39 plivača zagrebačkih plivačkih klubova starosti 14-15 godina sa baterijom od 23 antropometrijske dimenzije koje obuhvaćaju dužine kostiju, širine kostiju, volumen i masu tijela i potkožno masno tkivo. Za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti izmjereno je 10 testova. Deskriptivni satistički pokazatelji ukazuju na izuzetno veliku varijabilnost vrijednosti svih mjerenih karakteristika i sposobnosti od kojih neki pokazuju nepravilnu distribuciju rezultata. Studentovim T-testom za zavisne uzorke je utvrđeno da sve mjere dužine kostiju, širine kostiju i volumena i mase tijela pokazuju statistički značajne razlike u smislu porasta vrijednosti. Mjere potkožnog masnog tkiva se smanjuju i to statistički značajno na ekstremitetima dok nabori na trupu ne pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku. Kod analize razlika rezultata motoričkih testova, ekstenzija leđa, čučnjevi u 60 sekundi i iskret palicom ne pokazuju statističku značajnost dok ostali pokazuju statistički značajne razlike između prvog i drugog mjerenja (p 0,05) Kanonička analiza prvog i drugog mjerenja ukazuje da unutar svakog mjerenja postoji jedan statistički značajan par faktora između ova dva skupa varijabli (p 0.05). Međutim, struktura pojedinih faktora ukazuje da je došlo do značajnih promjena u odnosima dva promatrana skupa varijabli., The goal of this study was to determine differences of some anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities in boys aged between 14 and 15 during a period of 6 months. Data obtained through this study shall provide a response as to whether the observed chronological age is adequate for intensifying water and dry land training. For that purpose, 39 swimmers belonging to Zagreb swim clubs, aged between 14 and 15, were measured using a battery of 23 anthropometric dimensions, including bone length, bone width, body volume and mass, as well as subcutaneous adipose tissue. In order to assess motor abilities, 10 tests were taken. Descriptive statistical indicators have shown an extremely high variability of all measured characteristics and abilities, some of which have demonstrated irregular distribution of results. Student s T-test for dependant samples determined that all measures of bone length, bone width and body volume and mass are showing statistically significant differences with regard to increase in values. Measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue are decreasing with statistical significance when extremities are concerned, while skin folds on the trunk are not showing any statistically significant difference. In the analysis of variations between motor test results, back extensions, squats during 60 seconds and twists with the stick have not shown statistical significance, while others have shown statistically significant differences between the first and second measuring (p 0,05). Canonical analysis of the first and second measuring indicates that within each measuring there is one statistically significant pair of factors between these two sets of variables (p 0.05). However, the structure of individual factors shows that significant changes had set in with regard to the relationship of the two observed sets of variables.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odreðivanje somatotipa plivača starosti 14-16 godina te utvrðivanje veze izmeðu pojedinih komponenti somatotipa, indeksa tjelesne mase (BMI), postotka masnog tkiva i sume tri kožna nabora sa rezultatima u plivanju na 100 metara sa četiri različite tehnike plivanja izražena u bodovima prema FINA (Federation International de Natation) tablicama. U tu svrhu izmjereno je 68 plivača zagrebačkih plivačkih klubova sa 10 antropometrijskih mjera iz kojih je utvrðen somatotip antropometrijskom metodom prema Heathovoj i Carteru (2). Rezultati ukazuju na nešto povećanu količinu potkožnog masnog tkiva u usporedbi s plivačkom populacijom. Utvrðeno je da ta količina masnog tkiva ima vrlo niske veze s rezultatima u plivanju. Nasuprot tome, BMI pokazuje vrijednosti sukladno dosadašnjim istraživanjima. Somatotip promatranih plivača ukazuje na naglašenu ektomorfnu komponentu dok su endomorfna i mezomorfna podjednake. Utvrðeno je da ektomorfna komponenta somatotipa ima negativne korelativne veze sa rezultatima plivanja u sve četiri tehnike, a statistički značajna pozitivna korelativna veza je izmeðu mezomorfne komponente i broja bodova na dionici 100 metara leptir tehnikom. Kao statistički značajna izdvojila se pozitivna veza BMI sa sve četiri tehnike plivanja što se može pripisati pretežno količini mišićne mase jer količina masnog tkiva ne pokazuje pozitivne veze. Rezultati ukazuju da svi plivači mjereni u ovom istraživanju nisu završili period puberteta te da je statistički značajna pozitivna veza utvrðena samo kod mezomorfne komponente somatotipa koju karakterizira veća mišićna masa i leptir tehnike koja je energetski najzahtjevnija, The aim of this research was to determine the somatotype profiles of 14-16-year-old male swimmers as well to determine the relationship between various somatotype components, body mass index, body fat percentage and the sum of three skinfolds with 100-m swimming performance using all 4 swimming techniques. In that regard, 68 swimmers from swimming clubs in Zagreb were examined using 10 anthropometric measurements that were subsequently used to determine the somatotype according to the method proposed by Heath and Carter. The results point towards somewhat increased body fat percentage in comparison to swimming population. It was established that body fat percentage has a very weak relationship with swimming performance. On the contrary, body mass index exhibits the values in line with previous research. The somatotype of the examined swimmers indicates strong ectomorphic component while the endomorphic and messomorphic components are similar in their values. It was determined that the ectomorphic component is inversely related to swimming performance in all four techniques, while statistically significant positive relationship was observed between messomorphic components and 100-m butterfly swimming performance. The body mass index variable is significantly related to performance in all for techniques which can be attributed mainly to the muscle mass quantity because body fat percentage does not exhibit positive relationships. The results indicate that all swimmers evaluated in this research have not completed their pubertal development and that the significant positive relationship can be evident only in the messomorphic component which is characterized by larger muscle mass and butterfly technique which is the most demanding in terms of energy expenditure.

Primjena specifičnih plivačkih testova na suhom i u vodi zahtijeva dobro poznavanje tehnike plivanja od strane ispitanika. Cilj rada je bio ispitati da li na rezultate plivanja studentske populacije tj. ustanoviti mogu li se ti standardni plivački testovi (dinamometrija u vodi i plivački ergometar na suhom) mogu upotrijebiti za mjerenje neselekcionirane plivačke populacije. Uzorak ispitanika su činila 52 studenta, muškog spola, treće godine Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Prediktorske varijable su predstavljali rezultati testiranja na plivačkom ergometru na suhom (Biokinetic swim bench) i to relativna snaga jednog i maksimalnog provlaka kraul tehnikom, 10 maksimalnih provlaka kraul tehnikom, jedna minuta na ergometru kraul tehnikom i dinamometrijska sila vuče u vodi. Kriterijske varijable su bili rezultati plivanja na 25, 50 300m kraul tehnikom i 50m dupin tehnikom. Analizirani su koeficijenti interkorelacija među svim varijablama. Nakon toga je regresijskom analizom utvrđivan utjecaj svih prediktorskih varijabli na svaku od kriterijskih. Jedino se test dinamometrije mjeren u vodi u mjestu (full-tethered swimming) pokazao kao uspješan prediktor rezultata na kraćim dionicama tj. 25 metara kraul, 50 metara kraul i 50 metara dupin. Na 300 metara kraul niti jedan prediktor se nije izdvojio kao značajan dok se kod dionice 50 metara dupin izdvoji i test dinamometrije 1 dupin provlak kao značajan. Zapaženo upućuje na zaključak da je test ergometrije na suhom potpuno neprimjeren za testiranje neselekcionirane plivačke populacije., SUMMARY In order to use specific swimming tests on land and in water the subjects must be well acquainted to swimming technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of usage of standard swimming test (full tethered swimming and swim bench tests on land) in non-selected swimming population. Fifty-two male subjects, students of the third year of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb underwent the testing procedure. The predictor variables were the results of measurements on Biokinetic swim bench (the relative power of one crawl pull; the relative power of 10 crawl pull; one minute crawl swimming; and the relative power of one maximal butterfly pull). The predictor variable measured in water was the maximal force produced during full-tethered swimming. The criteria were the results obtained at 25, 50 300m crawl and 50m butterfly swimming. The inter-correlations between all variables were calculated and regression analysis used in order to determine the influence of all four predictor variables on each criterion variable. Only the maximal force produced during full tethered swimming showed the significance in prediction of the results on shorter distances, 25m, 50m crawl and 50m butterfly swimming results. None of the tests showed any significance in prediction of 300m crawl swimming result. The test performed on swim bench out of water were not significant in prediction of the swimming results except for the test of one butterfly pull, which was related to the result on 50m butterfly swimming. In conclusion, the swimming bench is not a suitable method for evaluation and testing of non-selected swimmers probably because of their poor technique.