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The article discusses the history of Great Britain under Roman rule from the first to the fourth century, comparing the period to the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. Topics considered include mining; the production of weapons, pottery, and glass; quarrying; and the minting of coins.

The article discusses how the U.S. Civil War was the first war to make use of modern combat techniques. During the Civil War, the introduction of rifled muskets with machined interchangeable parts increased the range and accuracy of firearms, forcing military leaders to change their infantry tactics. The article also discusses how railroads increased troop mobility; how the introduction of ironclad warships such as the Confederate Merrimac and the Union Monitor changed the nature of sea battles and made wooden naval ships obsolete; and the introduction of submarines.