Search

The article focuses on the British campaign in Mesopotamia between 1914 and 1916 during World War I. The author argues that Great Britain feared for its empire's prestige in the Middle East after Ottoman Turkey declared war, explores how British prestige influenced commanders within the Indian Expeditionary Force D (IEFD), and analyzes the advance of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend in Baghdad, Iraq, during 1915.

An essay is presented examining how Victorian British foreign policy was impacted by the Dilessi murders, the 1870 murder of British travellers in Greece by brigands. It looks at the relationship between foreign policy and domestic party politics to discuss Liberal political attitudes of the era. Particular attention is given to the views of prime ministers Lord Palmerston and William Ewart Gladstone, and statesman Richard Cobden.

Discusses the attempts of the government of Great Britain to suppress the publication of the controversial `Windsor File' that concerned Edward, the Duke of Windsor's Nazi sympathies during World War II. Description of the author's experience as chief of the editorial group that opposed its suppression; Duke of Windsor's manifestation of fondness for Germany; Insistence of a veto on the publication of the Windsor file.

Discusses the role of radical English historian Catharine Macaulay during the American Revolution. Correspondence with patriot leaders; Encouragement of the colonists' efforts to establish a new government; Relationships between English radicals and Americans before, during and after the revolution.

Presents a study on the career of William Tryon, a British officer in in the 1770s, focusing on his role in the American Revolution. Role in the attempts to suppress colonial discontent against Britain; Enforcing British authority and isolating a minority of radicals; Views on how a war should be prosecuted; Coercing colonists back to submission to royal and parliamentary authority.

The article discusses the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, a diplomatic treaty demarcating British and Russian spheres of influence in Central Asia. It examines the agreement within the context of Great Britain's foreign relations with Russia and Germany, particularly noting Great Britain's alarm at Russia's growing power in Persia and Afghanistan and exploring the Anglo-German naval rivalry. Several British statesmen and diplomats are discussed, including Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office Permanent Secretary Sir Charles Hardinge, and assistant Foreign Undersecretary Sir Francis Bertie.

The article presents an examination of terms that Archibald William Montgomerie, the thirteenth earl of Eglinton and Winton, served as the Viceroyalty of Ireland in the 1850s. It examines public opinion of Eglinton during his terms as viceroyalty, it explores how he made the transition into the office and discusses the influence that his activities in office had on Ireland the British Conservatives during the 1850s. It discusses Eglinton's Protectionist political attitudes and examines how Ireland's economy fared during his tenure.

Explores British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's efforts toward European unification before 1945, during his years in opposition from 1945 to 1951 and after his return as prime minister in 1951. What was to be Britain's role in a unified Europe; How Churchill's commitment to European unity fit with his deep commitment to preserving Britain's status as a global power; How Churchill's beliefs and actions change upon regaining office after October 1951.

Discusses the important connections between the goals of the English in Ireland and the broader imperatives of English foreign policy. Traditional enmity with France; Possibility to downplay the severity of the Spanish threat; Possibility of French intervention in Scotland.

The article discusses foreign lending to China by British, German, French, and Russian banks following the 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War. Topics include the role of the British bank Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) in offering a loan to China, rivalries between Russian banks and an Anglo-German group of banks in offering loans to China, and the relation of bank loan offers to economic diplomacy by European nations in China.

The article discusses the use of violence and intimidation by British political and economic elites operating in North America against white subordinates such as indentured servants, Native Americans, and black slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries. It examines the often brutal methods of punishment inherent in the British legal system of the time, English common law, the punitive slave codes in British America that permitted whippings and capital punishment for slaves, and attitudes towards Native Americans by colonial governments.

The article focuses on how Irish Chartist leader James Bronterre O'Brien used the ideologies of French revolutionary politician Maximilian Robespierre in an attempt to reform democracy in Great Britain throughout the early 1800s. The author compares the political and social issues taking place in Britain to those that had started the French Revolution. He discusses O'Brien's role in the history of Chartism, explores how he sought to end aristocratic tyranny, and analyzes the impact of the British parliamentary act known as the 1832 Reform Act on democratic suffrage.

The article focuses on the expansion of the welfare state in Great Britain between 1948 and 1964 and how general classes of disabled people were not included in many of these government policies. The author explains what types of disabilities were included in the "general classes," including central nervous-system disorders, musculoskeletal conditions, and respiratory problems. He discusses the development of statutory welfare programs under the 1948 National Assistance Act, explores why the British classic welfare settlement did not focus on the general classes, and examines the services that were eventually developed for this group.

The article focuses on the British government's subsidizing policy in the 18th century and how these subsidy bounties impacted the Scottish herring industry. The author explains that Scottish economist Adam Smith argued against the bounty system in his published work "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." He claims that the subsidies were beneficial to the British economy, discusses why investment capital was important to the Scottish fishing industry, and explores how Great Britain and Scotland negotiated the provisions of the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of Union.

The article discusses a sea battle between the U.S. frigate "President" and the British sloop-of-war "Little Belt" in May 1811 off of the coast of North Carolina. It analyzes the battle's significance as a potential precursor to the War of 1812. The article examines how the battle altered relations between the U.S. and Great Britain, its impact on the confidence of the American public in its naval forces, and its importance in the U.S. Navy's abilities in single-ship engagements. The article also discusses the reaction of British citizens to the battle, particularly the appetite for war against the U.S.

The article considers the eighteenth-century myth of the Calves-Head Club, a British Republican group which purportedly supported the regicide of British King Charles I with celebrations on January 30th, the anniversary of his death. The idea of such a group appeared in the book "The Secret History of the Calves-Head Club, or The Republican Unmasked" by Edward Ward (1667-1731), first published in 1703. The author considers the historiography surrounding the Club and the book's propaganda role in promoting Tory ideologies during the reign of Queen Anne.

The article explores how American colonial sentiments towards the 1774 Quebec Act became a cause of the American Revolution. The author argues that the personal efforts of Great Britain's King George III to both support and pass the legislation helped solidify anti-British sentiments unlike previous legislation aimed against the colonies such as the Townshend duties, the Tea Act, and the Boston Port Act. The author considers how the Quebec Act was portrayed in American colonial newspapers and periodicals, matters of religion in British North America, and historiography associated with the Quebec Act.

An essay is presented on the the Anglo-Mysore Wars, a series of wars fought between the Kingdom of Mysore in India and the British East India Company (EIC) from 1767 to 1799. It focuses on seapower, examining Great Britain's military rivalry with France and British trade in the Indian Ocean. The author reflects on the significance of the wars for British imperialism. Adversaries included the Governor General of India Charles, Earl Cornwallis, and Mysorean leaders Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan.

The article presents a case study of the political protests of small-scale English brewers to excise taxation in the late seventeenth-century. It examines British state and parliamentary power, brewers' political influence and relations with British political elites, and the economics of the English brewing industry. The author explores the impact of the English Civil War on excise policy. Other topics include the introduction of ales called porters to the brewing trade and a 1697 malt excise.

An essay is presented that examines how the 19th century British labor movement known as the Chartist Movement is taught is high school and university classrooms. It discusses the importance of teaching students how to properly frame historical events and narratives, it examines the origins, results and key events of the movement and explores the importance of understanding the role socio-economic class played in the movement.

The article examines how ties between the United States and Great Britain, as well as American attitudes towards the British monarchy, developed during the reign of Queen Victoria. It explores how hostility was replaced with amity during this period despite the threat of war existing between the two countries well into the Victoria era. The article explores the influence that pro-Victoria messages in "Harper's Weekly" had on the American public. It discusses how the publication portrayed the Queen and examines how it covered various aspects of her life.

The article presents an examination of the charitable activities undertaken by friendly societies in England during the late Victorian period and into the Edwardian period. Drawing from the ranks of the working and middle classes, friendly societies provided a sense of peace and social order among their members. The article examines how the charitable activities that friendly societies accomplished served as a form of extended medical benefits and also were aimed at maintaining self discipline among society members.

The article presents an examination into early 18th-century English social and political history, focusing on the activities of the Societies for Reformation of Manners. Introductory details are given describing the origins and ideology of the social reform group. A review of the sermons issued by the Societies between 1696 to 1714 is given, highlighting indications of their political allegiance. It is suggested that despite the use of controversial rhetoric by its membership, the movement was supported and dependent on the existing political structure of the day and did not threaten the British monarchy.

The article focuses on compulsory education in London, England between 1870 and 1904, as overseen by the School Board of London. The school boards was created in response to the Education Act of 1870, sponsored by W. E. Forster, Liberal Member of Parliament. The educational philosophies of private school administrator Frederick Timbrell are presented, which argue that state-sponsored education is preferable compared to the evils of child labor and had the added benefit that children became better citizens. The article also discusses the Chartist movement, reformatory schools for juvenile delinquents, industrial schools created to intervene when children were considered at risk of becoming criminals, and 19th century British social and political philosophies.

The article discusses the importance of the Indian saltpeter (potassium nitrate) trade to the rise of the British Empire between 1600 and 1800. The increasing demand for saltpeter as the main ingredient in gunpowder resulted in the eventual militarization of the East India Company as a means of increasing control over the market for this valuable war material. The origins of the Indian saltpeter trade are analyzed and traced through merchants and brokers in Patna, India. The saltpeter monopoly created by the East India Company is described as altering every aspect of nitrate production and marketing. The direct impact the availability of potassium nitrate had on major European military campaigns during this period is discussed.

The article offers discussion of the Earl of Sandwich John Montagu and British naval intelligence from 1763 to 1779. It mentions that Sandwich's reputation has suffered from Whig historians who depicted the First Lord of the Admiralty as a corrupt and incompetent leader. On the other hand, examples are given highlighting how Sandwich was a highly effective administrator who served with distinction in three governments. It also discusses in depth how Montagu developed the Admiralty's intelligence service.

The article offers information on British reforms, commercial agriculture, and agrarian distress in India. It states that in colonial India commercial agriculture was identified with living standards, ownership, agrarian relations, indebtedness, and crowding. It also mentions that although a minority of India's landholders attain prosperity during colonial rule, British measures gained only limited progress for the great volume of cultivators. Moreover, it also forwards that British reform measures promoted agricultural exports.

The article develops an understanding of the development of the strategies of attrition on the Western Front during the First World War. It compares the different approaches to the process of attrition which were adopted by Germany, France and Great Britain at the level of military operations. It also explores how the war changed the concepts of battle and victory.

Focuses on the strategy used by the British empire during the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879. Information on the battles held in January 1879 which were depicted in the film "Zulu," in 1964; Speculations on the rationale behind the invasion of the British forces in Zululand, South Africa; Details of the strategy.

The article argues for the significance of gender and family to British cultural constructions in the period from 1688 to 1763 and highlights the ways in which Britons struggled with the differences between their conceptions of a proper British society and the realities of the culture created by plantation slavery. It examines the fault lines that emerged in Caribbean society in connection with the British culture. Furthermore, the important role women and children played in the shaping the images of the islands is discussed.

Explores the debate over Great Pyramid metrology, the study of weights and measures, and its impact on British sovereignty and identity. Operation of the process of identity formation found in the Great Pyramid theory; Notions of the Great Pyramid metrology; Key indication of a mathematical and metrological genius behind the design of the Great Pyramid; Ways of the theory which sought to build an identity for Britain.

Examines the historiography that portrays Great Britain and the British as proponents of the worldwide anti-slavery crusade with the abolition of slavery in Brazil. Details on the slavery practice of St. John d'el Rey Mining Company, a British firm; Discussion on the correlation between slavery and capitalism; Impact of the abolition of salvery in British colonies in 1833.

Contrasts British proprietary ideals with North American realities. Relation to some of the cultural, social, economic and political issues; Economic growth of northwestern Europe between 1650 and 1750; Behavioral parameters for life and community in colonial British America; Attitudes of special importance to the development of Anglo-America.

Illustrates the role of the British land and naval forces against Germany's Luftwaffe during the World War II in 1940. How British forces, the Royal Navy, helped cause the cancellation of Adolf Hitler's operation Sea Lion; Luftwaff's performance against destroyers and slow-moving cargo vessels; Luftwaffe's weaknesses; Sea Lion's chances of success; More information.

Discusses Great Britain's use of contraband blockade by means of the Royal Navy during the First World War. Tactical reasons behind the contraband blockade; Influence of the British blockade on United States trade; Allied Nations' economic warfare with Germany.